Template biosynthesis

3'-5'-phosphodiester bond formation

DNA biosynthesis (homologous replication)

Replicative fork

RNA polymerase active site

RNA synthesis on DNA template

1 - DNA; 2 - initiation region; 3 - RNA polymerase;
4 - growing RNA chain; 5 - area of ​​termination.
Arrow: direction of RNA polymerase movement .

Processing of mRNA

Splicing

tRNA

Processing of tRNA

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Genetic code

tRNA

Chaperone

Participation of chaperones
in protein folding

Transport of protein across membrane

Regulation of protein synthesis by induction

Regulation of protein synthesis
by repression

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Cleavage of DNA with restriction enzymes

Construction of recombinant DNA

Introduction of DNA
into the cell with plasmids

Transfection

Microinjection of DNA

Electroporation

Packing in liposomes

The method of biological ballistics

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Polymerase chain reaction
DNA amplification

Gene Therapy