Graphics and design (Графика и дизайн)

Computer graphics
Computer graphics are pictures and drawings produced by computer. There are two main categories:
Raster graphics, or bitmaps, are stored as a collection of pixels. The sharpness of an image depends on the density of pixels, or resolution For example, text or pictures that are scaled up - that is, made bigger - may show jagged edges. Paint and photo-editing programs like Adobe Photoshop focus on the manipulation of bitmaps. Popular raster formats are JPEG, GIF and TIFF
Vector graphics represent images through the use of geometric objects, such as lines, curves and polygons, based on mathematical equations. They can be changed or scaled without losing quality. Vector data can be handled by drawing programs like Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw or Macromedia Freehand. EPS is the most popular file format for exchanging vector drawings.
Almost all computer users use some form of graphics. Home users and professional artists use image-editing programs to manipulate images. For example, you can add filters (special effects) to your favourite photos, or you can composite images. Compositing is combining parts of different images to create a single image.
Graphic artists and designers use drawing programs to create freehand drawings and illustrations for books or for the Web. Businesspeople use presentation graphics to make information more interesting visually - graphs and diagrams can be more effective ways of communicating with clients than lists of figures. Electrical engineers use graphics to design circuits in order to present data in a more understandable form. Mechanical engineers use CAD (Computer Aided Design) software to develop, model and test car designs before the actual parts are made. This can save a lot of time and money.
CAD is also used in the aerospace, architecture and industrial sectors to design everything from aeroplanes and buildings to consumer products. Designers start a project by making a wireframe, a representation showing the outlines of all edges in a transparent drawing. They then specify and fill the surfaces to give the appearance of a 3-D solid object with volume. This is known as solid modelling Next, they add paint, colour and filters to achieve the desired 'look and feel': this is called texturing the object. Finally, they render the object to make it look real. Rendering includes lighting and shading as well as effects that simulate shadows and reflections.
Computer art, or digital art, is used in adverts and TV programmes. Artists and scientists use special graphic applets to create amazing fractals. Fractals are geometrical patterns that are repeated at small scales to generate irregular shapes, some of which describe objects from nature. Government agencies use GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to understand geographic data and then plan the use of land or predict natural disasters. Cartographers use GIS to make detailed maps. Animators use computer animation software to create animated cartoons or add effects in movies and video games.

1. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОСЫ
Which of these graphics are three-dimensional (3-D)?
What are the advantages of creating 3-D images?
Which types of professional might use the computer graphics (a-d)?
Who else uses computer graphics in their job? How do they use them?

2. СООТНЕСИТЕ ПОНЯТИЕ И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ
Resolution
Jugged
Filters
Wireframe
Rendering
Fractals
Special effects that can be applied to pictures
A technique that generates realistic reflections, shadows and highlights
Geometrical figures with special properties
Irregular or uneven
The number of pixels in an image
The drawing of a model by using features like edges or contour lines

3. СОЕДИНИТЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ С ПРОГРАММНЫМ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕМ
To edit or retouch photos
To create illustrations and drawings for magazine
To prepare slideshows for training sessions or conferences
To make mechanical designs and architectural plans
to create dynamic simulations and special effects for films, TV, advertisements and games
To analyse geographic data and make maps
Computer animation software, for example 3-D Studio Max
GIS software, for example ArcView
Presentation software, for example PowerPoint
A CAD package, for example AutoCAD
Vector graphics software, for example Freehand
A paint and image-editing program, for example Photoshop