3_4_Chapter_allophones

VOWELS
A Course in Phonetics,
pp. 100-102

(1)
Other things being equal, a given vowel is longest in an open syllable, next longest in a syllable closed by a voiced consonant, and shortest in a syllable closed by a voiceless consonant.
e.g. bee – bean - beak

(3)
Other things being equal, vowels are longest in monosyllabic words, next longest in words with two syllables, and shortest in words with more than two syllables.
e.g. [ɔː]
board – morphologic – coordination (?)

(2)
Other things being equal, vowels are longer in stressed syllables.
e.g. [ɑː]
cart – cartographic
Cart – cartographic - cartographically

(4)
A reduced vowel may be voiceless when after a voiceless stop (and before a voiceless stop).
# voiceless stop + reduced vowel + voiceless stop
e.g. security [sɪ'kjuərətɪ]

(5)
Vowels are nasalized in syllables closed by a nasal consonant
e.g. [m] mimic
[n] dolphin
[ŋ] bronchia ['brɔŋkɪə] бронхиолы

(6)
Vowels are retracted before syllable final [ l ] (dark), [r].
e.g. [ɪ] tranquil ['træŋkwɪl]
[e] peloton [pelə'tɔn] - the main field or group of cyclists in a race
[ɜː] berceuse [bɜːr'sɜːz] - a lullaby

Task 1
teak [tiːk] - hard durable timber used in shipbuilding and for making furniture
turophile ['tuːrəfaɪ] - знаток сыров, ценитель сыра
marmalade ['mɑːm(ə)leɪd]
harmonic [hɑː'mɔnɪk]
mirror ['mɪrə]

CONSONANTS
A Course in Phonetics,
pp. 72-77

(1)
Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase:
e.g. bib, did, don, nod

(2)
Voiceless stops [p, t, k] are aspirated when they are syllable initial, as in the words such as:
e.g. pip, test, kick
Voiceless stops [p, t, k] are unaspirated after [s] in words such as:
e.g. spew, stew, skew

(3a)
Obstruents – stops and fricatives – classified as voiced [b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ] are voiced through only a small part of the articulation when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.
# END [b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ]
# [b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ] + voiceless sound
voiced

(3b)
e.g. try to improve [v]
add two [d]

(4)
Voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, ʧ, f, θ, s, ʃ] are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents [b, d, g, ʤ , v, ð, z, ʒ] when at the end of a syllable.
e.g. cap – cab; back – bag.

(5)
The approximants [w, r, j, l] are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial [p, t, k]:
e.g. play, twin, cue.