Categories and types of neologisms

Plan
Features of a process of nomination;
Categories of neologisms;
Neologisms by their formation mechanisms;
Productive models of neologisms.

Changes in the process of nomination (Gak,1980)
Usage of a well-known sign for reference to a new object;
Usage of a new sign for reference to an object which already has the name;
Usage of a new sign for reference to a new object;
The sign is out of use due to the object being not relevant any more.

Categories of neologisms
‘Proper neologisms’ – the new form is combined with a new concept (blog, interferon, clogs, thought-processor, telework);
‘Transnominations’-the new form is combined with an already existing concept (laid-back, hands-on, dragged-out, turned-on);
‘Semantic innovations’ - new concept takes the name of a from already active in language (vegetable, cool, drag, wicked, thick).

Semantic innovations
old word changes
its meaning
completely

Classification of neologisms by their formation mechanisms
Phonological neologisms
Borrowings
Syntactic (subdivided into morphological and phraseological)
Semantic neologisms

Phonological neologisms
New configurations of sounds can be
Combined with morphemes of Greek or Latin origin (perfol, acryl)
From interjections –(zizz, to zap, sis-boombah, to whee, qwerty, yuck)
Novelty and innovative form

Borrowings
Cultural sphere (cinematheque, anti-roman)
Political sphere (ayatollah)
Everyday life (petit dejeuner)
Scientific sphere (biogeocoenosis)
Borrowings
Stylistical colouring of the words change, homonymic relationships are formed, higher vocabulary variability
Assimilated
(nudge, schlep, glitch)
Not assimilated (dolce vita, gonzo, gyro, zazen)

Morphological neologisms
By affixes (victimologist, yuppie, yampy)
Complex words (muffin choker, glass-ceiling, couch potato)
By conversion (a rip off, to carpool)
Mergers (workaholic, podcast, compunicate)
Shortenings (imho, lol, asap, detox)
Analogy and typisation as a basis for this type of neologisms creation

Active elements in morphological neologisms
Abbreviations, acronyms, numerals (B-chromosome, ara A, Day-1, catch-22 );
Shortenings (slimnastics, infotainment);
Semi-affixes (labor-intensive, user-friendly, industry-wide);
Semi-suffixes (bookoholic, skatergate, guilt-free, stressbusters)
Higher degree of motivation in this type of neologisms, demonstrate the tendency for rationalisation and economy

Scientists and their works
Gak V.G. Lexical meaning of the word//Encyclopaedia in linguistics. Moscow, 1998.
Cannon G. Historical changes and English word-formation: new vocabulary items// New York. 1986.
Sornig K. Lexical innovations: a study of slang, colloquialism and casual speech// Pragmatics and beyond. 1981. № 11. P. 15-30.
Kubryakova E. S. Language and knowledge: on the way of getting knowledge about language: Parts of speech from cognitive perspective. Role of language in cognition of the world // Moscow: Languages of Shavian culture, 2004.
Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metaphors We Live By.Chicago and London.:The University of Chicago Press. 1980.
Lakoff G., Johnson M. Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. – New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Lakoff G., Turner M. More than Cool Reason. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 1989.

Conclusions
The issue of correlation of conventialization and creativity in formation of the words needs to be addressed: not all new words are creative
Nomination is not only semantic process (reflecting a link between a sign and a referent), but pragmatic process as well (reflecting a correlation between a sign and its users)