Planning. Topic

MEANING OF PLANNING
Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who to do it. It involves anticipating the future and conciously
Choosing the future course of action.
“According to Haimann, Planning is the function that determines in advance what should be done.”

Nature of Planning
Planning is goal-oriented
Planning is a primary function
Planning is all-pervasive
Planning is a continuous process
Planning is forward-looking
Planning involves choice
Planning is directed toword efficiency

PROCESS OF PLANNING
The main step in planning proccess are as follow:-
Step 1- DEFINE THE TASK-
Step 2- IDENTIFY RESOURCES-
Step 3- CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE-
step 4- CREATE THE PLANNING-
Step 5- WORK THE PLAN-
Step 6- EVALUATE-

Importance of planning
Focuses attention on objectives and result
Reduces uncertainty and risk
Provides sense of direction
Encourages innovation and creativity
Helps in co-ordination
Guides decision-making
Provide efficiency in operation

Limitation of planning
Lack of accurate information
Time and cost
Resistance to change
Lock of ability to plans
False sense of security
Environmental constraints

Principles of planning
Principle of contribution to objectives
Principle of efficiency of plans
Principle of primary of planning
Principle of planning premises
Principle of policy framwork
Principle of timing
Principle of alternatives
Principle of limiting factor
Principle of commitment
Principle of flexibility
Principle of navigational change
Principle of competitive stategies

Types of planning
Corporate planning
Divisional or functional planning
Group planning

Group or sectional planning
Group or sectional planning refers to planning for specific groups or section within a department or division .
group or sectional planning are formulated mainly at the opreting level of management . They have to approved by higher authorities.

Departmental or Divisional Planning
Such planning includes the plans formulated for various departments or division of an enterprise.it determines the scope and activities of a particular department.
Departmental or divisional plans are formulated at the middle level of management and approved by the top management.

corporate planning
Planning for the company as a whole is known as corporate planning. It lays down objectives, strategies, and policies for the entire orgainisation.
corprate planinng is done at the top level of management.