The Cryogenic systems

Methodology
liquefied gas
coolant (liquid nitrogen or helium ).
Dewar`s vessel

The methods for producing cryogenic liquid
Throttling
The extension with performing external work

Throttling
Key point: when gas flows through the narrowing channel of the pipe or through a porous membrane, its pressure is lowering together with decrease in its temperature.
Joule-Thomson`s coefficient.
Prescription: deep cooling
and liquefaction of gases.

The extension with performing external work
Devices:
expander
turboexpander

Storage

Low temperature measurement
primary thermometric device - gas thermometer (≤1К)
secondary thermometric device – thermocouple, semiconductor diode (30—100 К)

Superfluidity
the ability of a substance in a particular state that occurs when the temperature decreases to absolute zero, flowing through narrow slits and capillaries without friction

Superconductivity
- the property of some materials to have zero electrical resistance when they reach temperatures below a certain value (critical temperature).

Field of Application
rocket and space technology;
power industry;
metallurgy;
agriculture;
science;
chemistry;
food industry, etc.

Problems:
the improvement of habitat of large cities;
improvement in fusion reactor;
use in nanotechnology.

Conclusion
The use of low temperature and especially cryogenic technology opens up new possibilities in science and technology, and has a decisive influence on the improvement of the human environment