There is the boy

This is the place …
I read the book …
He’s the man …
Those are the people …
Complete the sentences using a relative clause.

1. Read the quotes.
Which of these causes could you support?
Which other charities do you know about?
charity
to encourage
to donate
to dedicate
drought
starvation

Learn this! box
What are the main differences between defining and non-defining relative clauses?
When do we use commas?
When can we omit which or who?

Decide which are defining relative clauses and which are non-defining relative clauses.
check yourself
defining
Identify the relative clause in which the relative pronoun can be replaced with that.
check yourself
non-defining
defining
Identify the relative clause in which the relative pronoun can be omitted.
check yourself
non-defining

All these sentences contain mistakes in grammar, punctuation or style. Correct them.
1. The man, who’s wearing a tie, is my uncle.
2. Space junk is a problem, which is getting worse.
3. I’ve got a friend what lives in Japan.
4. Solar energy is an idea which time has come.
5. Whom did you dance with at the night club?
who
whose
Who
rubbish

Combine the two sentences with a defining relative clause.
Use who, which, where or whose.
In which sentences can we a) omit the relative pronoun? b) replace who or which with that?
2. Tom works in a factory where they make solar panels.
3. From here you can see the enormous wind turbine which we were protesting about.
7. That’s the nuclear power station where my dad has been working for the past five years.
a)
b)
b)
to move
4. I met some eco-protesters who the police were trying to evict.
rubbish
5. I support a charity which campaigns against the use of fossil fuels for energy generation.
b)
a)
b)
6. I found a piece of space junk which hadn’t burnt up in the Earth’s atmosphere.
b)

Combine the two sentences with a non-defining relative clause, either in the middle or at the end of the sentences. Add the correct punctuation.
3. There are many types of renewable energy, which governments are investing in.
5. Farm animals release a lot of methane, which is a very potent greenhouse gas.
7. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international organisation, whose aim is to assess the impact of climate change.
to rid
6. Nuclear power stations produced a lot of radioactive waste, which is difficult to dispose of.
exhaust
сланцевый газ
4. People in industrialised countries, who have already benefited from years of economic growth, should be the first to reduce carbon emissions.
2. Shale gas, which is gas trapped in shale formations, is becoming an increasingly important source of natural gas.

Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence. Use defining or non-defining relative clauses and appropriate punctuation.
2. I run three times a week, which keeps me healthy.
3. I made Joe a sandwich, which he ate at once.
4. I live in a village called South Milton, which has a population of 600.
5. We look after stray dogs whose owners can’t be traced.
homeless
1. Here’s the money (that) I owe you.

Complete the text with the relative pronouns in the box.
that
when
where
which
who
whose

Complete the sentences (1-6) using the clauses (a-f). Add a relative pronoun only if necessary.
my best friend gave me for my birthday
which used to be a fruit and vegetables market, is
whose first novel was To Kill A Mockingbird, did not like
where Barcelona play their home matches, can
we stayed at in Paris last summer burned down
I met at my cousin’s wedding.

exercise 1
Read the Learn this! box. Find one participle clause in the quotes in exercise 1.
the answer

Rewrite the sentences using shortened relative clauses.
working
making
painted
stealing
built
made

Combine the two sentences. Use a shortened relative clause.
seen
driving
The man living next door was a climate change scientist.
built
containing

Rewrite the shortened relative clauses that are underlined as full relative clauses. You do not need to rewrite the whole sentence.
who was arrested at the scene.
which/that belonged
to the victim.
which/that was signed
by the suspect.
which had been denied by the police, have
which/that contained
various weapons.
which was built in the 17th century, was the

Work in pairs. How many sentences can you make in one minute by adding different relative clauses and other words and phrases?
Last week I met someone …
… is the place …
What did you think of the film …
I’ve got a friend …
…I was born in 20__ ...
A good student is one …
Last week I met someone who knows my cousin.