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William I of England
William I of England
His reign, which brought Norman-French culture to England, had an impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle AgesHis reign, which brought Norman-French culture to England, had an impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages. The details of that impact and the extent of the changes have been debated by scholars for over a century. In addition to the obvious change of ruler, his reign also saw a programme of building and fortification, changes to the English language, a shift in the upper levels of society and the church, and adoption of some aspects of continental church reform. The Battle of Hastings lasted all day. Although the numbers on each side were about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few if any archers. Along the ridge's border, formed as a wall of shields, the English soldiers at first stood so effectively that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties. William rallied his troops reportedly raising his helmet, as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, to quell rumors of his death. Meanwhile, many of the English had pursued the fleeing Normans on foot, allowing the Norman cavalry to attack them repeatedly from the rear as his infantry pretended to retreat further. Norman arrows also took their toll, progressively weakening the English wall of shields. At dusk, the English army made their last stand. A final Norman cavalry attack decided the battle irrevocably when it resulted in the death of Harold who, legend says, was killed by an arrow in the eye. Two of his brothers, Gyrth and Leofwine Godwinson, were killed as well. By nightfall, the Norman victory was complete and the remaining English soldiers fled in fear.
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BRITISH POETS
BRITISH POETS
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. |Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, When in eternal lines to Time thou grow'st. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Самуил Маршак Шекспир. Сонет 18 Сравню ли с летним днем твои черты? Но ты милей, умеренней и краше. Ломает буря майские цветы, И так недолговечно лето наше! То нам слепит глаза небесный глаз, То светлый лик скрывает непогода. Ласкает, нежит и терзает нас Своей случайной прихотью природа. А у тебя не убывает день, Не увядает солнечное лето. И смертная тебя не скроет тень, - Ты будешь вечно жить в строках поэта. Среди живых ты будешь до тех пор, Доколе дышит грудь и видит взор.
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