Parts of sentence

Sentence - a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence contains a subject and a predicate.

Рrincipal parts of the sentence

Subject - the noun or noun phrase that tells whom or what the sentence addresses.
—Roger decided to save more money.
Full or complete subject: the subject and all the words that modify it.
—Patrick Henry’s dream of freedom for all citizens compelled him to make his famous declaration.
Simple subject: the main noun of the complete subject.
—Patrick Henry’s dream of freedom for all citizens compelled him to make his famous declaration.
Compound subject: a complete subject with multiple simple subjects.
—Miguel and the young boy became friends.

Predicate - a verb or verb phrase telling what the subject does or is.
Full or complete predicate: the verb of the sentence and all the words that modify it.
—The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs.
Simple predicate: the main verb in the full predicate that indicates the action or state of being of the simple subject.
—The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs.
Compound predicate: a complete predicate with multiple verbs.
—He thought of his lover and missed her dearly.

Secondary parts of the sentence

Modifier - a word or phrase that modifies or adds information to other parts of a sentence. Adjectives, adverbs, and many phrases and clauses are modifiers.
Limiting modifier: a word or phrase that limits the scope or degree of an idea. Words like almost, only, or barely are modifiers.
—It was almost time for dinner.
Restricting modifier: a phrase or clause that restricts the meaning of what it modifies and is necessary to the idea of its sentence.
—Any dog that has not had its shots should be taken to a veterinarian immediately.
Nonrestricting modifier: a modifier that adds information but is not necessary to the sentence. Commas, dashes, or parentheses set apart nonrestricting modifiers.
—Seventeenth-century poets, many of whom were also devout Christians, wrote excellent poetry.

Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing to which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to which an action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as object of another action.

Classification of object:
Prepositional and non-prepositional objects
Morphological types (noun, pronoun, substantivized adjective, infinitive, gerund)
Direct/indirect, is applied only to objects expressed by nouns or pronouns.

Аttribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.

The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we use terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with respect to its head-word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.

THE WORD-GROUP THEORY

The word-group is a combination of at least two notional words which do not constitute the sentence but are syntactically connected.

General characteristics of the word-group are:
1) As a naming unit it differs from a compound word because the number of constituents in a word-group corresponds to the number of different denotates:
a black bird – чорний птах (2), a blackbird – дрізд (1);
a loud speaker (2), a loudspeaker (1).
2) Each component of the word-group can undergo grammatical changes without destroying the identity of the whole unit: to see a house - to see houses.
3) A word-group is a dependent syntactic unit, it is not a communicative unit and has no intonation of its own.

Classification of word-groups.
Word-groups can be classified on the basis of several principles:
According to the type of syntagmatic relations: coordinate (you and me), subordinate (to see a house, a nice dress), predicative (him coming, for him to come),
According to the structure: simple (all elements are obligatory), expanded (to read and translate the text – expanded elements are equal in rank), extended (a word takes a dependent element and this dependent element becomes the head for another word: a beautiful flower – a very beautiful flower).

Subordinate word-groups.
According to the nature of their heads, subordinate word-groups fall into
noun-phrases (NP) – a cup of tea,
verb-phrases (VP) – to run fast, to see a house,
adjective phrases (AP) – good for you,
adverbial phrases (DP) – so quickly, pronoun phrases (IP) – something strange, nothing to do.

The noun-phrase (NP).
The NP consists of a noun-head and an adjunct or adjuncts with relations of modification between them. Three types of modification are distinguished here:
Premodification that comprises all the units placed before the head: two smart hard-working students. Adjuncts used in pre-head position are called pre-posed adjuncts.
Postmodification that comprises all the units all the units placed after the head: students from Boston. Adjuncts used in post-head position are called post-posed adjuncts.
Mixed modification that comprises all the units in both pre-head and post-head position: two smart hard-working students from Boston.Pre

The verb-phrase (VP)
VPs can be classified according to the nature of their complements – verb complements may be
nominal (to see a house) and
adverbial (to behave well). Consequently, we distinguish nominal, adverbial and
mixed complementation.
According to the structure VPs may be basic or simple (to take a book) – all elements are obligatory;
expanded (to read and translate the text, to read books and newspapers) and
extended (to read an English book).

Predicative word-groups
The predicative word-group consists of a nominal element (noun, pronoun) and a non-finite form of the verb: N + Vnon-fin. There are Gerundial, Infinitive and Participial word-groups (complexes) in the English language: his reading, for me to know, the boy running, etc.)