TYPES AND KINDS OF SYSTEMIC RELATIONS

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES, THEIR REALIZATION AND CORRELATION WITH OBJECTIVE ONES
CONCEPTUAL REALITY
LINGUAL REALITY
OBJECTIVE REALITY

OBJECTIVE CATEGORY
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY
CONCEPTUAL CATEGORY

Grammatical categories can be of two types:
REFERENTIAL (with a referent in the objective reality)
SIGNIFICATIONAL (with no referent in the objective reality):
Conceptual correlate
Lingual correlate
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ARE REALIZED THROUGH
OPPOSITIONS
OPPOSITON: THE RELATION BETWEEN TWO GRAMMATICAL
FORMS DIFFERING IN MEANING AND EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS

THE PARTS OF SPEECH PROBLEM
DIFFERENT APPROACHES:
1. CLASSICAL
2. FUNCTIONAL
3. DISTRIBUTIONAL
4. COMPLEX
COMPLEX APPROACH IS BASED ON THREE CRITERIA: SEMANTIC, FORMAL AND FUNCTIONAL.
SEMANTIC CRITERION: GRAMMATICAL MEANING
FORMAL CRITERION: FORM AND CATEGORIES
FUNCTIONAL CRITERION: SYNTACTIC FUNCTION

THE NOUN. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE NOUN
1. General characteristics of the noun (three criteria).
2. The category of number.
A) Correlation with the objective category (triangle).
B) Realization of the number category (opposition)
C) Restrictions on the realization of number category.
3. The category of case.
A) Correlation with the objective category.
B) Realization of the case category (opposition).
C) Restrictions on the realization of the category of case.

THE VERB. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF VOICE, TENSE AND ASPECT
1. General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech. Grammatical categories of the verb.
2. Different classifications of English verbs.
3. The category of voice.
A) Correlation with the objective category.
B) Realization of the voice category (opposition)
C) Restrictions on the realization of voice category.
4. The category of tense (A, B, C).
5. The category of aspect (A, B, C).

THE SENTENCE AND THE UTTERANCE
1. Definition of the sentence.
2.Different approaches to the sentence analysis: traditional, IC analysis, constructional analysis.
3. The sentence vs. the utterance.
4. The theme and the rheme as the main categories of the utterance.
5. Language means of expressing the rheme.

MAIN FEATURES AND CATEGORIES OF THE TEXT
1. Definition of the text.
2. Categories of the text: coherence, cohesion, deixis.
3. The notion of coherence as a semantic and topical unity of the text. Means of achieving textual coherence.
4. The notion of cohesion as a formal succession of sentences. Means of achieving textual cohesion.
5. The notion of deixis (identification by pointing). Textual deictic markers (person, place, temporal, textual, social).

PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE UNITS
1.Definition of pragmatic linguistics. The notion of pragmatic component as the subjective part of the uttrance.
2. Speech Act Theory: performative verbs, felicity conditions, illocutionary force.
3. Classification of speech acts (declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, commissives).
4. Indirect speech acts. Examples of indirect speech acts.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
1. The notion of discourse as the unit of speech.
2. Maxims of conversation
The Maxim of Quality
Do not say what you believe to be false
Do not say for what you lack adequate evidence
In other words: tell the truth.
The Maxim of Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as required
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
In other words: say as much as necessary and no more
The Maxim of Relevance
Be relevant
The Maxim of Manner
Be clear
Be orderly

3. IMPLICATURES OF DISCOURSE
CONVERSATIONAL CONVENTIONAL
IMPLICATURES IMPLICATURES
Was it you who broke the cup? Even Bill is smarter
than John
(Someone has broken the cup) (John is stupid)