Consequently. The use of adverbs

On major roads in Germany and France, the surface is generally much smoother than in the UK and consequently produces less tyre noise than on our roads. Why?
Concrete motorways may be smoother, but anyone who thinks this produces less tyre noise has obviously never listened to their tyres when running over it. It makes a confounded racket! And if you think it's only my opinion, I must mention that I've seen a German documentary from the 1930s on the marvels of the Autobahn, and in that propaganda film, the roads made a dreadful noise, too.
John Bennett, Glasgow Scotland
The answer is simply that our roads are used more heavily than elsewhere, whether Germany, France, South Africa or Canada. Remember we are smaller country by area than those but our car ownership is higher, hence more cars on the road per mile, more usage more erosion.
Brian Robinson, Brentwood Essex

Accordingly
Therefore
in a way that suits the situation:
Surveys suggest that these shows are not what most people want to watch. Accordingly (= Therefore), one network is now scheduling a made-for-TV movie every Sunday night.
The workforce wants working hours to be reduced. Many companies have accordingly switched to a five-day week.

Citi – cutting carbon and energy use
Recognised by Bloomberg in 2013 as the World's Greenest Bank, Citi's sustainability targets are accordingly ambitious.
Citi approaches carbon and energy reductions in three ways: operational efficiencies that cost little to nothing, new technology and equipment upgrades, and encouraging employees to support its goals.
Examples of operational savings in the UK include turning off UPS power supply units in the data centre and a modified chiller system that uses the external air temperature to cool the building. On the new technology and upgraded equipment front, the company upgraded hot water heaters in Canary Wharf washrooms with air source heat pumps, which work by absorbing the heat generated by employees and IT equipment.

Necessarily (B2)
used in negatives to mean "in every case" or "therefore“ (as an inevitable or natural consequence)
The fact that something is cheap does not necessarily mean it is of low quality.
Wisdom and maturity do not necessarily go together.
Money does not necessarily buy happiness.
Speed and safety are not necessarily incompatible
Tourism is an industry that has a necessarily close connection with governments.
To be necessarily permitted

Craig, London
The problem is not neccessarily that the population is falling, but that it is also ageing - so a smaller proportion of the total population is active economically. We therefore have the "pensions timebomb" whereby social security and health spending continue to rise whilst the tax base that supports such spending falls.
The EU has introduced a directive to make age discrimination in employment illegal by 2006. This needs to be tied into a financial program to give incentives to workers not to take early retirement therefore maintaining the total skills base (enhancing productivity) and the total number of people contributing tax - therefore reducing the individual burden.

Historically (C1)
in a way that is related to the study or representation of the past:
Historically, royal marriages have been cold, calculating affairs.
The film makes no attempt to be historically accurate.
The city will provide grants to help restore historically significant buildings
The unemployment rate has remained historically low.
To look at this issue hisotrically

Is TV's Vikings historically accurate? Who really knows
The online debates reminded me of my time in the SCA, where there was a lot of ink spilled over what made something "period" – that is, historically correct for the time period. Much like the debates I read now where Lord of the Rings fans debate Peter Jackson's treatment of The Hobbit, these discussions about whether or not a clothing cut or armour style was historical enough often had a lot of geek passion behind them. There was also a certain degree of snobbery involved in being "properly period". I vividly remember sharing a joke at the expense of a group of people whose Viking shoes were so poorly sewn that the toes all turned up, making them look like the Keebler elves.

Virtually (B2)
You can use virtually to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true.
It would have been virtually impossible to research all the information.
By computer
Nowadays all these things can be experienced virtually.
I've learned a lot, and met (virtually and in the real world) a lot of great people.
Building a relationship with new employees can be difficult when it's done virtually.

Women in finance: the past 50 years
Virtually everyone I have interviewed says they want more women in top positions. But none is in favour of quotas, arguing that these fatally undermine women's credibility in the daily office battles and would even prove counterproductive.
At the same time, Fisher says, the arguments for more women at the top of finance are shifting in fascinating ways. In the 70s, women gained entry into finance at the price of accepting traditional roles and norms. They played on traditional connections between femininity, motherhood and work, Fisher writes, arguing in interviews with her that being a woman made them good at analysing stocks: "They would tell me, 'Women have a lot more respect for the concept of risk. This serves them well.'"

Naturally
We are naturally concerned about the future
Naturally, when the History Channel started to air its new show Vikings, I felt nostalgic. Loosely based on the legendary saga of the Norse hero Ragnar Lothbrok. It inspired a lot of online debate, particularly centred around how accurate the costumes are – which I found amusing, since Ragnar is a figure about as historical as King Arthur.

Economically
We live in economically insecure and politically confusing times.
Economically viable
The high price of crude makes investment in tar sands economically viable.
Rising oil prices and concerns about the environmental impact of fossil fuels have made nuclear power politically and economically viable again.

Mega-dairy factory farms are economically unsustainable
There is a sector of Britain's business that is in serious crisis. Companies are going bankrupt or simply shutting down as they find themselves unable to profit.The sector in question trades on a basic staple: a raw product that isn't in short supply. If we don't act now to preserve it, then this relatively quiet crisis will be over before most of us realise it is happening.
One day we will look out of the window and ask what happened to our countryside, where our cows went and why we only have a few hundred massive factory dairies instead of thousands of dairy farms, shaping our landscape and rural life.

Arguably
You can use arguably when you are stating your opinion or belief, as a way of giving more authority to it (can be shown to be true)
Sausages are arguably the most popular food in the country.
Arguably, the drug should not have been made available.
Contact between school and business leads naturally to, arguably, the most fruitful area for partnership - curriculum enhancement

Why Darwin matters
Charles Darwin had a big idea, arguably the most powerful idea ever. And like all the best ideas it is beguilingly simple. In fact, it is so staggeringly elementary, so blindingly obvious that although others before him tinkered nearby, nobody thought to look for it in the right place.
Darwin had plenty of other good ideas - for example his ingenious and largely correct theory of how coral reefs form - but it is his big idea of natural selection, published in On the Origin of Species, that gave biology its guiding principle, a governing law that helps the rest make sense. Understanding its cold, beautiful logic is a must.
Natural selection's explanatory power is not just about life on this planet: it is the only theory so far suggested that could, even in principle, explain life on any planet. If life exists elsewhere in the universe - and my tentative bet is that it does - some version of evolution by natural selection will almost certainly turn out to underlie its existence. Darwin's theory works equally well no matter how strange and alien and weird that extraterrestrial life may be - and my tentative bet is that it will be weird beyond imagining.

possibly
You use possibly to indicate that you are not sure whether something is true or might happen.
We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign.
To be possibly caused by
To be possibly harmful
Possibly more successful
Quite possibly, it would have made little difference

Death Valley temperature rises to 129.9F – possibly the hottest ever reliably recorded
If the temperature reading is verified, it would beat the previous hottest August day for the United States.
Death Valley’s all-time record high, according to the World Meteorological Organization, is 134F (56.7°C) taken on 10 July 1913 at Greenland Ranch. That reading still stands as the hottest ever recorded on the planet’s surface, according to the WMO.
The Death Valley 1913 reading was installed as the planet’s hottest after a 2013 WMO investigation dismissed a 58C temperature supposedly recorded in Libya in September 1922.

Potentially (B2)
Possibly
This crisis is potentially the most serious in the organization's history
Cycling is potentially very dangerous in London.
The changes will potentially have a large impact on profits.

Australia faces potentially disastrous consequences of climate change, inquiry told
Military and climate experts, including a former chief of the defence force, have warned that Australia faces potential “disastrous consequences” from climate change, including “revolving” natural disasters and the forced migration of tens of millions of people across the region, overwhelming security forces and government.
Former defence force chief Adm Chris Barrie, now adjunct professor at the strategic and defence studies centre at the Australian National University, said in a submission to a Senate inquiry that Australia’s ability to mitigate and respond to the impacts of climate change had been corrupted by political timidity: “Australia’s climate change credentials have suffered from a serious lack of political leadership”.

conceivably
Conceivably, some brain cells could be damaged during this process.
Many people are very worried as to what might conceivably happen in the next 20 years .
Conceivably, interest rates could rise very high indeed.

Citizenship law changes would ‘dump dangerous people’ abroad, say Greens
Greens senator Scott Ludlam says individuals returning to Australia from conflict zones in Syria and Iraq ‘could conceivably present a security risk’
“The government appears to be just systematically wrong-footing itself with these proposals that come half-hatched and half-backed into the public domain in an attempt to appear tough,” he said on Sunday.
“One of the perverse consequences, I think, is that you’re conceivably dumping really dangerous people in other jurisdictions or in neighbouring countries where police, law enforcement and security agencies won’t be as able or as prepared to deal with them.
“There’s obviously a very severe security issue at stake here but simply dumping people off in other jurisdictions is not necessarily the best way to go.”

Plausibly
in a way that is likely to be true, or is possible to believe:
Compliance of the latter with democratically reached decisions may plausibly be thought of as one appropriate response to the value of democracy.

The Devil All the Time review
Pattinson is plausibly icky in violent gothic noir
It’s a thoroughly macabre story, populated by a sweaty gallery of geeks and grotesques, the story running from the 1940s to the 1960s (it’s really only the pop music that alerts you to any historical difference, and that’s probably accurate). The film is handsomely produced and confidently put together, with a performance of particularly plausible ickiness from Pattinson as the noisome Teagardin, who among all his other failings is a hateful snob, humiliating Arvin’s grandma because of the allegedly low-grade cooking she brings to his church cook-out. But there is something weirdly pointless about it all, and there is a kind of tonal gap where, in another kind of film, the humour might go – which would counterweight the nasty violence. But it sure does pack a punch.

Thoroughly
Fully/ completely / carefully
Food that is being offered hot must be reheated thoroughly.
...a thoroughly researched and illuminating biography.

undoubtedly
Certainly/ definitely
undoubtedly there will be changes
There is undoubtedly a great deal of corruption in football.
While this work undoubtedly helps the animals suffering from these pathogens, it could also have benefits for humans.
The practice of various forms of birth control undoubtedly contributed to this demographic revolution

Climate crisis: alarm at record-breaking heatwave in Siberia
A prolonged heatwave in Siberia is “undoubtedly alarming”, climate scientists have said. The freak temperatures have been linked to wildfires, a huge oil spill and a plague of tree-eating moths.
On a global scale, the Siberian heat is helping push the world towards its hottest year on record in 2020, despite a temporary dip in carbon emissions owing to the coronavirus pandemic.
Temperatures in the polar regions are rising fastest because ocean currents carry heat towards the poles and reflective ice and snow is melting away.

Indisputably
n a way that is true, and impossible to doubt:
An indisputable fact must be accepted because it is definitely true
The Prado museum indisputably holds the world’s greatest collection of Spanish paintings

A great potter? Indisputably not. Just an interesting character making minor art
The people who mostly laugh at his satires are the very people he lampoons - collectors, gallery-goers, the "boring cool people" of one of his titles. I don't quite buy it, even when we find child cruelty and murder, and glimpses of Perry's troubled childhood in his art, all of which could as easily be presented in another form.
Grayson Perry is, at least in terms of his self-constructed public image and his candid interviews, an interesting, complicated character. But he makes middling, minor art. What counts most, perhaps, is Perry's invented alter ego, Claire, who is exactly the kind of creation the media loves. Yet I have always wondered what the pots, the drawing, Perry and Claire have to do with one another - apart from all being Perry's invention, all aspects of Perry.
Perry's art and his double-persona are, you might say, all of a piece, all aspects of his creative drive. I am not certain that this is enough. His pots are offbeat luxury goods, around which his life story, his childhood miseries and Claire herself create an aura.

Entirely / not entirely
to increase / to reduce the force of a strong statement , especially a critical one.
She claimed the unemployment figures were not entirely unexpected
To be entirely avoidable
To be entirely different
An entirely new approach
The cost of living rose entirely because of rises in food and energy prices.

Ecotricity founder to grow diamonds 'made entirely from the sky'
A British multi-millionaire and environmentalist has set out plans to create thousands of carats of carbon-negative, laboratory-grown diamonds every year “made entirely from the sky”.
Dale Vince, the founder of green energy supplier Ecotricity, claims to have developed the world’s only diamonds to be made from carbon, water and energy sourced directly from the elements at a “sky mining facility” in Stroud.
The “green technology first” uses carbon dioxide captured directly from the atmosphere to form the diamonds – which are chemically identical to diamonds mined from the earth – using wind and solar electricity, with water collected from rainfall.
The Guardian Today newsletter: the headlines, the analysis, the debate – sent direct to you
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The result is the “world’s first zero-impact diamond”, according to Vince, and they could even help to clean the air by removing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere.

Exclusively
Exclusively is used to refer to situations or activities that involve only the thing or things mentioned, and nothing else.
...an exclusively male domain.

They save lives': the lettings agency that's exclusively for homeless people
Some 450 homeless people contact RentStart – directly or through the council – each year. Of these, about 150 are found accommodation with the 30 private landlords who let to low-income householders through the charity. RentStart provides landlords with written guarantees that their scheme will cover unpaid rent in the rare case of the tenant defaulting and also pays one month’s rent upfront.
Of the 300 or so people who don’t find housing through RentStart, a fifth have more complex needs and are referred to specialist mental health or drug and alcohol services, and one in 10 have no local connection, so aren’t eligible for help – but about a quarter would be able to find a home if more landlords were willing to rent through the charity.
Although it can’t house everyone who needs help, the charity offers more than just a roof over someone’s head.

Initially (B2)
At the beginning
The damage was far more serious than initially believed.
The economic changes initially produced hardship.

Any coronavirus 'lockdown' would initially be voluntary
Experts in emergency planning note that the UK is a long way from such a scenario. But they say that if it does become necessary, locking down whole cities or areas would be very difficult and cause huge hardship.
The government has a wide range of emergency powers ranging from banning large gatherings to asking the military to help control people’s movements.
Resilience planners across the country are working out how to cope if a city, town or community has to be locked down. “We’re not at that point yet,” said Jacqui Semple, the chair of the Emergency Planning Society, which speaks for resilience professionals in the UK.

Totally (B1)
Wholly/ completely

Government and watchdog ‘are totally failing problem gamblers’
The government and the gambling watchdog have an “unacceptably weak understanding” about the harmful effects of gambling and how to tackle them, a parliamentary committee has warned.
A report from the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee offers a critique of the failures by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport and the Gambling Commission to help an estimated 395,000 problem gamblers in the UK and a further 1.8 million people who are considered at risk. The Gambling Commission, a non-departmental public body, took £19m in licence fees from gambling operators last year, less than 0.2% of the £11.3bn gambling yield that year.
The report accuses the department of being “unwilling to accept the premise that increasing the commission’s budget to prevent harm would be preferable to spending on treating problem gamblers”.

Perfectly
If you describe something as perfectly good or acceptable, you are emphasizing that there is no reason to use or get something else, although other people may disagree.
t is perfectly normal but there are some exercises you can do to reduce it.
For many, incorporation is perfectly reasonable as it confers safer limited liability status
t is perfectly normal that there are family memories that hold unhappiness and pain, particularly around times of loss and trauma.

Top coat: the expert guide to painting your house perfectly – from walls to floors to radiators
The good news is, you can save a lot of money by painting your own home, because labour accounts for the majority of decorating costs. The bad news is, there’s a reason painters are expensive. Painting is difficult.
The biggest mistake first-timers make is thinking too big, according to Joa Studholme, author of How to Decorate and colour curator for the paint company Farrow & Ball. “My main piece of advice is to start small,” she says. “If you have a small hall, that can be a good place to start. There you can indulge your fantasies of doing something quite strong and bold, which might be something you’re feeling you want to do right now, but then you don’t have to look at it all day.”
Painting a whole room will certainly keep you busy, but if you are new to it, you probably won’t find it terribly therapeutic. “I do it where I think: ‘Oh, I’m gonna paint this, and it’s gonna be really soothing,’” says Studholme, “And, actually, painting is stressful. Smaller things are much better to do.” For beginners, she suggests starting with your front door, or the legs of a table. “Paint the inside of a cupboard in a jolly colour and that will make you smile every time you open it,” she says. When you have some idea of what it entails, you can move on to a room.

Definitely
without any doubt; certainly:
The book is definitely useful for both undergraduate and graduate courses.

The evidence keeps piling up: e-cigarettes are definitely safer than smoking
E-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking because they don’t contain tobacco. Inhaling burnt tobacco - but also chewing it - is hugely damaging to human health. Remove the tobacco and the combustion and it is hardly surprising that risk is reduced. That doesn’t mean e-cigarettes are harmless. But it does mean that we can be relatively confident that switching from smoking to vaping will have health benefits.
These new studies and others have influenced policy, at least in the UK. In England, a broad consensus endorsed by many health organisations has existed since 2016 encouraging smokers to try vaping. This year additional organisations, like the Royal College of General Practitioners and the British Medical Association issued new reports also pointing to e-cigarettes as a positive choice for smokers trying to quit. And for the first time, Public Health England included e-cigarettes in its advertising for ‘Stoptober’ an annual stop smoking campaign. In Scotland, a large number of organisations led by Health Scotland issued a statement making clear that vaping is definitely safer than smoking that was also supported by Scotland’s Chief Medical Officer.

Surely(B2) /ˈʃɔː.li/
Without more food and medical supplies, these people will surely not survive.
Greater international stability can surely only be to the good.
Overeating is surely the main cause of obesity.

Unemployment due to Covid-19 is surely worth more than a footnote
The number of jobless people in the US rose by more than 20 million in April, something deemed worthy of a mention in the “and in other news” slot on the BBC’s evening TV bulletin.
Sure, it was the 75th anniversary of VE day and there were socially distanced street parties to cover and archive footage of crowds gathered in front of Buckingham Palace to treasure.

Inevitably (C1)
In a way that can’t be avoided
A war would inevitably set back the process of reform.

There is inevitably an arms race': parents on opportunity hoarding
We asked readers to share their thoughts about opportunity hoarding and how far they’d go to give their children the best chance in life. The responses revealed anxiety about growing inequality and acceptance of the inequity of the lottery of birth. But they also revealed a reluctance to take steps that would disadvantage their own child.
One mother felt her black son would need every advantage she could give him, given the disadvantage he would face simply because of his skin colour. A grandmother shared her experience with schoolchildren from a deprived area of London who were very academic but lacked social skills and confidence.
There was broad support for banning unpaid internships, which favour children from families with deeper pockets, and unadvertised work placements, which favour those with greater social capital.

Undeniably (C2)
Certainly true
I undeniably share the view that

Unrealistic, but undeniably real
Even though these scenes were not faithful to Austen in themselves, they became entirely real to audiences. So real, in fact, that most viewers now are probably hoping not so much that the new film can stay faithful to what Austen once put on to the page, but more that it can measure up to what Colin Firth once put on to the screen. (And watching this new and rather pallid Darcy wandering about his woods, you can't help wondering when the real chap is going to pop out of the shrubbery with his shirt dripping and order the impostor off his land.)
Such loosening of Jane Austen's boundaries in the pursuit of a realistic effect does not go down well with all her fans. Indeed, one leading Austen lover, Professor Joan Klingel Ray, president of the American Austen Society, has even attacked the film for letting in too much real rain. "Much of the action takes place against tempestuous weather which simply isn't in the novel," she has complained. And she has a point. Because, as Charlotte Brontë said, far from reflecting nature, Austen gave us only "a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden". Once you start to lose the fence of decorum around the characters' desires, you run the risk of losing the tension of the novels, the tension between outward convention and inner emotion that gives them their energy.

Precisely
You can use precisely to emphasize that a reason or fact is the only important one there is, or that it is obvious.
Children come to zoos precisely to see captive animals.
Armed conflict is precisely what the government is trying to avoid.
And that is precisely the element that will be most difficult.

Nasa launches satellite to precisely track how Earth's ice is melting
The world will soon have a much clearer picture of how quickly humans are melting Earth’s ice and expanding the seas, with data collected by a sophisticated satellite launched by Nasa.
Every 91 days, the $1bn, decade-in-the-making creation will orbit over more than 1,000 paths. The satellite, about the size of a Smart car, will point six lasers at ice sheets in the Arctic and Antarctica. It will then calculate how long the beams take to bounce back. Nasa will be able to more accurately measure the heights of ice sheets and the thickness of remaining sea ice.
“With sea ice, we’ve been able to measure the extent (or area) really well since about 1980 … but what we haven’t been able to measure is the thickness,” said Tom Neumann, Nasa’s deputy project scientist for the mission. “Thickness is a key piece of the puzzle because thinner sea ice is broken up more easily by storms. It melts faster. So it gives you some insight into why the area is changing the way it is.”

basically
You use basically for emphasis when you are stating an opinion, or when you are making an important statement about something.
Basically I think he would be someone who complemented me in terms of character.
I believe that human beings are basically good.
People are basically selfish, angry and mean.

Elon Musk says college is 'basically for fun and not for learning'
“With more jobs asking for higher levels of degrees,” the audience member said, “scholarships are not changing amounts and it’s getting harder and harder every year to pay tuition, even with using scholarships. How can college and industries make it easier to afford college?”
Musk, whose net worth is estimated at $34bn, responded by saying that college was unnecessary because “you can learn anything you want for free”.
The main value of college, he said, is to be found in proving discipline by completing “annoying homework assignments” and in hanging around with people of the same age before entering the workforce.
“I think college is basically for fun and to prove that you can do your chores, but they’re not for learning,” Musk said.
He also said he hopes to make sure his electric car company Tesla does not have university requirements for jobs, “because that’s absurd”. The main requirement for employment at his companies, he said, is “exceptional ability”.
“I don’t consider going to college evidence of exceptional ability,” Musk said. “In fact, ideally you dropped out.”

Essentially
You use essentially to indicate that what you are saying is mainly true, although some parts of it are wrong or more complicated than has been stated.
His analysis of urban use of agricultural land has been proved essentially correct.
Ballet is essentially a middle-class interest.
Some people see art as essentially a luxury.

'Essentially a cover-up': why it's so hard to measure the over-policing of Indigenous Australians
Aboriginal Legal Service chief executive Karly Warner remembers sitting in a Victorian courtroom during one of her first cases as a lawyer in about 2014 and thinking “what are we doing here?”.
“It was for a young [Indigenous] person who had stolen a chocolate bar,” she told Guardian Australia this week.
“And I remember, in that moment, just thinking why have we got this young person, taken out of school, not with their friends, their community, not safely with their family, why have we brought them into this formal court setting, using a bunch of taxpayer money, when instead we could very easily be putting things in place to support this child?
“I mean, it’s a chocolate bar, and they’re a kid who’s hungry. I still remember just thinking ‘why?’.”

Fundamentally(C2)
You use fundamentally to indicate that something affects or relates to the deep, basic nature of something (in a basic and important way)
Environmentalists say the treaty is fundamentally flawed
I still believe that people are fundamentally good.
I disagree fundamentally with what you're saying.

UK food and drink trends 'fundamentally reshaped' by pandemic
Britons are drinking rosé all year round and firing up their barbecues in the depths of winter, according to a report on how food and drink trends have been “fundamentally reshaped” by the pandemic.
Cooking at home has even become the new commute, providing a clear separation between work time and home time, the study claims, while more than half of households have been more carefully planning recipes and meals and intend to carry on.
The annual food and drink report from Waitrose also underlines the “seismic” shift towards online shopping triggered by the initial lockdown – a trend it says is clearly set to stay.

Primarily (B2)
You use primarily to say what is mainly true in a particular situation (mainly)
Public order is primarily an urban problem
We're primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down
This is a controversial procedure, primarily because of known side-effects.
We live in a society which views success primarily in terms of material possessions.

Road transport emissions up since 1990 despite efficiency drive
Britain’s greenhouse gas emissions from road transport have continued to grow since 1990 despite more efficient cars because traffic has increased by almost a third, according to government figures.
Cutting emissions on Britain’s roads remains a significant challenge, according to the report from the Office for National Statistics, citing a 6% rise in greenhouse gases in the past three decades.
More fuel-efficient vehicles have mitigated but not stopped the increase in emissions, as traffic rates rose from 255bn miles travelled a year in 1990 to 328bn miles in 2018.
Greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon emissions, or CO2, peaked in 2007 before levels of road traffic tumbled during the financial crisis. But road emissions have steadily risen again since 2013 to more than 118m tonnes in 2017, more than a fifth of the UK’s total emissions.

Largely (B2)
Almost completely
Largely is used to introduce the main reason for a particular event or situation.
The success of almost any project depends largely on its manager
Retail sales dipped two percent last month, largely because Americans were buying fewer cars
• Most of the cities depend largely on hydroelectric power.

Yemen: the devastation of a nation, largely ignored
Britain’s international development committee (IDC) had invited representatives of the Yemeni diaspora to contribute to our inquiry into the crisis in Yemen. We were shocked to hear about the desperate situation in Taiz, which bears a worrying resemblance to Madaya in Syria. But the world is watching Syria while the crisis in Yemen is largely ignored.
The crisis is having a devastating effect on the whole country. According to the UN , an astonishing 82% of the population needs humanitarian assistance - 21.2 million people, compared with 12.2 million in Syria. The food situation is particularly concerning, with 14.4 million people struggling to find enough to eat, including 1.3 million children who are acutely malnourished. Millions cannot access safe water or basic healthcare and 1.8 million children are out of school. The Yemeni diaspora described the situation as collective punishment, with the population being punished for the actions of the rebels.

Radically (C1)
Our approach is radically different to that of our competitors.
There are reasonable disagreements in political life between people with radically different views of the world.
To radically reduce the risk
a radically new approach to the problem

Young climate activists call for EU to radically reform farming sector
Fridays for Future wants the EU to go further as part of its European Green Deal, the centrepiece of the bloc’s strategy which is meant to steer Europe to net zero emissions by 2050. The European commission is trying to push the policy ahead of crunch climate talks, called Cop26, postponed to next year from their original date of this November in Glasgow.
Ursula von der Leyen, president of the commission, hailed the green deal plan as Europe’s equivalent of the US putting a man on the moon in the last century, a transformative proposal that would reach into every aspect of people’s lives, from energy and transport to food and nature.
But von Samson told the Guardian: “Everything that has been discussed yet is incompatible with the Paris Agreement, and the future into which the current CAP proposals will lead us are as far from one another as the man on the moon and his home planet. We want to remind the commission of their responsibility. If they want to make a real change, they have to start with a new CAP.”

Mostly / generally (B1)
Mainly
In the smaller towns, it's mostly (= usually) very quiet at nights.
In written English, people often prefer to use generally or for the most part rather than mostly, because they sound more formal:
Many tourists visit the region, generally for skiing.
The inhabitants of the village are for the most part elderly.

Ignore the hype over big tech. Its products are mostly useless
Yet some people fall in love with these things. Among the great mountain of writing at the heart of the current so-called “techlash” is a great book entitled Radical Technologies, by the former tech insider Adam Greenfield. When he writes about people obsessed with the kind of internet-enabled devices that monitor sleep, heart rates and exercise levels, he nails something that applies to a whole array of allegedly cutting-edge innovations. “A not-insignificant percentage of the population has so decisively internalised the values of the market for their labour,” he writes, “that the act of resculpting themselves to better meet its needs feels like authentic expression.” What he says echoes a key passage in Guy Debord’s visionary text The Society of the Spectacle, published 50 years ago: “Just when the mass of commodities slides toward puerility, the puerile itself becomes a special commodity; this is epitomised by the gadget … The only use which remains here is the fundamental use of submission.”
Such ornate words speak an enduring truth. Amazing and sometimes life-enhancing innovations, I dare say, are being worked on by tech geniuses across the world. In fields such as driverless transport, virtual reality and blockchain technology, new inventions may eventually transform our lives, and fulfil the cliched big-tech promise about making the world a better place. But that is the not the nature of our current phase of history, nor the absurd and often dangerous creations we are now being offered on an almost monthly basis.

Principally
Mainly
The advertising campaign is aimed principally at women.
This is principally because the major export markets are slowing.
The excellence of Finnish education is due, principally, to the high quality of the staff.

How to queue
In the noble art of queuing, Britain stands first, second and third among the nations of the world, principally because the other nations of the world don't really do queuing.
There is a hierarchy in queues. Being first in the queue is next to godliness. Being able to see the front of the queue is excellent. Being able to see people who can see the front is not bad. Seeing nothing but queue is not good. And being at the very back of the queue is dreadful. The only thing that'll make you feel better is when some poor loser joins the queue behind you.
Some queues get a little bit messy, so much so that, to an outsider, it may not be immediately apparent who is in front. However, every single person in the queue has a mental photo-finish picture of exactly who is where. That's why queue-jumpers are the lowest form of life, as they offend our deep sense of fair play. People who lead crushingly oppressed lives will stand for just about any indignity, but God forbid if any-body should push in a queue in front of them.

Chiefly
Mainly
magazines intended chiefly for teenagers
Real estate prices have been falling, chiefly because of the lack of jobs in the area

Housman Country: Into the Heart of England by Peter Parker review – the inverse of roast-beef heartiness
HOUSMAN COUNTRY EXISTED CHIEFLY IN HIS HEAD
It’s easy to see why AE Housman might appeal to supporters of Brexit. With his deep attachment to England and its countryside, he evokes the same feelings the out lobby played on: pride, patriotism and nostalgia for the kind of unspoilt landscape – streams, farms, woods, spires, green pastures and windy wealds – that people think of as quintessentially English. Such sentiments, Peter Parker remarks in this excellent book, have become a “comfort blanket for adults in which they can wrap themselves against the chill winds of the present”. But as he points out, Housman’s poems, closely read, offer no such consolation. The “land of lost content” will never be regained; its “blue remembered hills” exist only in the memory; its “happy highways” are ones to which we “cannot come again”.
As Ted Hughes said, Housman’s poems “have entered the national consciousness”. But as a go-to poet for xenophobes, he can’t help but disappoint. His poems may be scattered with local place-names but his range is global and his tone the inverse of roast-beef heartiness. “The essential business of poetry,” he said, “is to harmonise the sadness of the universe.”

Broadly (C1)
in a general way, without considering specific examples or all the details:
Many of the findings in this study are broadly similar to those of Johnes (1990).
The tabulated results show that all intermediates are broadly similar in structure
We invest broadly to lessen the risk.
What was a broadly based culture has become a field of specialization.
• The Physical ucation department endeavours to provide a broadly based service for all students and staff within the University.

Monarchy still broadly relevant, Britons say
Britain is a nation made up of moderate monarchists and reluctant republicans, according to a Guardian/ICM poll. More people are looking forward to an extra day off work than watching the royal wedding – but support for the monarchy has nonetheless climbed notably since the crisis following Princess Diana's death. The country is in no mood for a revolution.
Only 37% agree that they are genuinely interested in the wedding, while 46% say they are not. Women are much more likely to be interested than men, and only 18% of all people questioned say they are strongly interested in the event.
Even so, 47% agree they will probably watch it on television this Friday, including a majority of women and people aged 18-24. Almost the same proportion, 49%, say they are more excited by the idea of an extra bank holiday than the wedding – only 31% disagree.

Most famously
You use famously to refer to a fact that is well known, usually because it is remarkable or extreme.
Most famously, the industry convinced DVD manufacturers to add restrictions to players to prevent you from buying a DVD in one part of the world for use in another part of the world. For this to work, DVD players had to be designed so that they hid which programs were running on them – so that DVD-player-owners wouldn't just kill the "verify region" program. The players also had to be designed to hide files from their owners, so that users couldn't just find the file with the DVD-decryption key in it and use it to unlock the DVD using a different player – one that didn't check for region compliance.
As Wren's epitaph famously declares, the cathedral itself is his monument.

Commonly (C1)
Often/ usual
To be commonly known as
a commonly used industrial chemical
Commonly vary as

Urban commons have radical potential – it's not just about community gardens
A rise in commonly owned spaces and services hopes to reclaim the city for the public good, providing a participatory alternative to exclusive urban development. But how can it be upscaled from local garden projects?
It has become fashionable to talk about the “urban commons”, and it’s clear why. What we traditionally conceive of as “the public” is in retreat: public services are at the mercy of austerity policies, public housing is being sold off and public space is increasingly no such thing. In a relentlessly neoliberal climate, the commons seems to offer an alternative to the battle between public and private. The idea of land or services that are commonly owned and managed speaks to a 21st-century sensibility of, to use some jargon, participative citizenship and peer-to-peer production. In theory, at least, the commons is full of radical potential.

Importantly/ more importantly (B2)
used for saying that a fact you are talking about is important:
The new computer facilities will be a huge benefit to the school and also, importantly, to the whole village community.
This is true for secondary structures that get repaired and replaced, but most importantly for the farmhouse itself.

Confidence rises in the eurozone but why? And more importantly, how?
It is not hard to see why growth has picked up. Most obviously, the European Central Bank announced an ambitious programme of asset purchases – quantitative easing – in late January. That prospect rapidly drove down the euro’s exchange rate, enhancing the international competitiveness of European goods.
But the euro’s depreciation is too recent to have made much difference yet. Historical evidence, not to mention Japan’s experience with a falling yen, suggests that it takes several quarters, or even years, before the positive impact of currency depreciation on net exports is felt. So other factors must be at work.

Clearly (B1)
it is obvious that; evidently
clearly the social services must be flexible
As of now, the advantage clearly lies with Bush.
Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.

Almost nine in ten Scots think sectarianism is a problem for Scotland
More than two-thirds of Scots think sectarianism is only a problem in specific areas of the country, with Glasgow and the west of Scotland being the most commonly mentioned
The survey also asked what factors people believe contribute to sectarianism. Football was the most commonly mentioned, with more than one in two saying they thought it was the main factor. Loyalist (including Orange Order) marches and Irish Republican marches were the next most commonly mentioned factors.
Respondents viewed families and schools as the best places to tackle sectarian attitudes in Scotland. Football clubs and authorities were also mentioned as places to tackle the issue.
Finally, ScotCen found that nearly one in two Scots think the Scottish government gives the right amount of attention to sectarianism, about a third said too little focus was placed on the issue. And 10% believe the government had given too much attention to the problem.

Typically (B1)
used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing:
Women in developing countries typically have their first child when they are very young.
Typically, gasoline taxes are used to fund road-building programs
• Typically, half a pound per person should be enough.•
We typically have between 35,000 and 45,000 people at the conference.

The D-notice system: a typically British fudge that has survived a century
The D-notice system is a peculiarly British arrangement, a sort of not quite public yet not quite secret arrangement between government and media in order to ensure that journalists do not endanger national security.
In his official history of the system*, a former D-notice committee chairman, retired Rear Admiral Nicholas Wilkinson, explained that it “emerged amorphously across three decades of increasing concern about army and navy operations being compromised by reports in the British (and sometimes foreign) press.”

Additionally
Formal
You use additionally to introduce something extra such as an extra fact or reason.
You can pay bills over the Internet. Additionally, you can check your balance or order statements.
The maintenance programme will additionally seek to keep the sites free of graffiti.
Additionally is used to say that something happens to a greater extent than before.
The birds are additionally protected in the reserves at Birsay.
He will sign a personal guarantee to additionally secure the loan.

Google executive to head AOL
The New York-based web company – which has been struggling for success in recent years – announced that Tim Armstrong, a senior vice-president at Google, will be replacing Randy Falco, the current chairman and chief executive.
Additionally, AOL's chief operating officer Ron Grant will also leave as a result of Armstrong's appointment.
In a statement, Jeff Bewkes – the chairman and chief executive of AOL's parent company, Time Warner – said that Armstrong was a perfect replacement for Falco.

Adversely
Not good or favourable
developments which had adversely affected their business
Price changes must not adversely affect the living standards of the people.

Cultural catastrophe: how the fallout from crises adversely affects girls’ lives
Girls’ education
The coronavirus pandemic has dramatically disrupted school schedules. But for 111 million girls in some of the world’s least developed countries – including Mali, Niger and South Sudan – the dawn of Covid-19 isn’t a temporary interruption. It could end their education for good. In the wake of the Ebola crisis, girls were forced to generate an income to help families, already grappling with poverty, weather the loss of their livelihoods. They were also faced with mounting caregiving and domestic responsibilities that caused many to abandon their educations permanently.

Factually / objectively (C1)
I learned that a number of statements in my talk were factually wrong.
He's making statements that are not factually accurate.
We simply want to inform people objectively about events.
Judges must weigh the evidence logically and objectively.

Claim UK school failed inspection over marriage teaching 'factually inaccurate'
The school also failed its inspections for a number of other reasons including facility maintenance, lack of a medical room and poor labelling of suitable drinking water.
In May 2017 Ofsted concluded the issues had been fixed, including lack of child protection policies, but not the issue of encouraging respect.
Shelton has repeatedly cited Vishnitz, arguing it has been penalised because it “doesn’t want to teach their children these radical concepts” and noting it failed inspections after same-sex marriage was legalised in the UK to suggest it was a consequence of that change.
ECAJ said the 2010 law predated marriage equality in the UK and “explicitly provides that the school has the right to teach its own beliefs about sexuality and marriage in a way that does not disrespect LGBTQI people”.

positively
You use positively to emphasize that you really mean what you are saying.
This is positively the worst thing that I can even imagine.
This is positively the last chance for the industry to establish such a system.
Parents are positively encouraged to be at school whenever possible (something really is the case, although it may sound surprising or extreme).

Waterstone's future looks positively Daunting
Drama and bookselling are not words that are readily associated, but there's no doubting that this has been a heady week for the trade. On Monday, it reached a nadir when Sainsbury's was named Bookseller of the Year at the Bookseller Industry awards. Just four days later, there are signs that things may finally be about to get better.
It isn't just the news that Waterstone's immediate financial future has been safeguarded that gives cause for optimism. It's the surprise announcement that James Daunt has been brought in to run the operation.
If you live in London, just step into a Daunt's and you'll see why bibliophiles are getting excited. Meanwhile, if you're lucky enough not to live in The Great Wen, you can get a pretty good impression of the differences in the two operations by comparing their websites. Here's Waterstone's. And here's Daunt Books.

negatively
in a way that is bad or harmful:
Some patients feel that they are perceived negatively by healthcare professionals because of their race, class, age, or disability.

Climate change already forcing world's birds towards poles, says report
One quarter of 570 bird species studied globally have been affected negatively by climate change, says Birdlife International
Populations of much-loved animals such as Atlantic puffins and Adelie penguins have both plummeted by 50% in just a few generations.
“We are also seeing changes in birds’ behaviour and in the timing of their migrations, which have knock on effects such as mismatches in their interactions with other species,” Allinson said.
Cuckoos, for example, normally time their annual returns from Africa to make use of nests built by local birds, which then rear their young. As temperatures warm, cuckoos have brought forward their trips, but they are still arriving later than local birds are breeding. Cuckoo populations are now declining in several countries.

Strongly
if you feel or believe in something strongly, you are very sure and serious about it
I’m strongly opposed to capital punishment.
We strongly believe that she is innocent.
I’m strongly in favour of marriage.
• But other aspects of the dinosaur living habits are still more strongly debated.

UK lecturers 'strongly support colleagues' academic freedom'
British university staff oppose efforts to sack colleagues who produce controversial research, according to a report on political diversity in higher education that claims to reveal “an important reservoir of support for academic freedom”.
The report by the right-leaning thinktank Policy Exchange urges the government to impose a new free speech regulator on British universities and students to guard against no-platforming and what the authors call “political discrimination”.
Many of the findings are based on a poll of 820 working or retired academics, which found little evidence of overt political discrimination. Just 8% of the respondents described themselves as “fairly rightwing” and 1% “very rightwing”. In contrast, 10% said they were “very leftwing” and 42% “fairly leftwing”, while 35% said they were centrist.

Comparatively (C1)
as compared to something else:
Comparatively speaking, this machine is easy to use.
Comparatively few books have been written on the subject
a comparatively small number of people
Its large population is comparatively well educated.
In the home, by contrast, communications other than voice telephones, are unfamiliar and comparatively rare.

All quite quiet on the British front
A degree of prosperity and the troops' emollient style have made Iraq's southern zone comparatively peaceful, writes Luke Harding
"The British did us a favour," he said. "They got rid of the biggest dictator in the Middle East. Basra used to be beautiful. It was full of restaurants and casinos."
In contrast to the daily mayhem in the rest of Iraq, the British-occupied south of the country is - comparatively - a tranquil place. There is violence here too - kidnappings and car-jackings by armed bandits who lurk on the road north of Basra are common; last week gunmen shot dead a Christian alcohol-seller as he went to buy vegetables in Basra's market.
But Iraq's increasingly well-organised resistance has made little effort to launch attacks on the British troops who have been encamped in Basra since June, in one of Saddam's riverside palaces, a short stroll from his un-sunken yacht. The last British soldier killed in action in Iraq died in late August.

Moreover / furthermore
in addition – used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said
The source of the information is irrelevant. Moreover, the information need not be confidential.
Moreover is very formal. In everyday English, people use what’s more or also instead: The rent is reasonable and, what’s more, the location is perfect.
To be blunt, the Net sn't meant for kids, and furthermore, it's not a babysitter.

Argentina: Essential information
Economic times have been tough in Argentina in recent years, but for the undeterred visitor it has become extremely affordable. Moreover, people who eat meat say that a steak in Buenos Aires is the best there is - and the wine is not bad, either.
Times have been tough in recent years in Argentina. The country has made a strong recovery from the economic and political crisis of 2001/2, although the latter has left its mark in the form of increased poverty and inequality. On the other hand, Argentina, always one of the most European of the Latin American countries, and one of the most expensive, is now much more affordable for the visitor. Moreover, its huge prairies, chocolate-box Alpine scenery and moody capital have fantastic tourist potential. People who eat meat say a steak in Buenos Aires is the best there is - and the wine is not bad, either.

especially
more than usually (very)
Giving up coffee can be especially difficult.
Art books are expensive to produce, especially if they contain colour illustrations.
especially/particularly used when you want to emphasize that something concerns or affects one person or thing more than others, or is true about a particular situation more than others
This disease mostly affects women, particularly older women.
Paris is always full of tourists, especially in the summer.
It’s not easy to receive compliments, especially if you’re not used to them.
The surface is very slippery, particularly when it has been raining.