Department of anatomy. Занятие №12

Genetic polymorphism
This is the presence of several alleles in the locus with sufficient frequency for their fixation in the population
An allele is one of several sequences of a given gene

Continuous variability: Pigmentation

Continuous variability: Hair color

Continuous variability: Hair color

Continuous variability: Eyes color

Continuous variability: Hair texture
coarse straight
wavy
curly
tight curly
kinky
(fine) straight
http://humanphenotypes.net/metrics/texture.html

Continuous variability: Body hair
Weak is the hair of some East-Asian Mongoloids where beard growth is particularly sparse. In Africa, most of the northern savannah populations (Sudanids, Nilotids, Ethiopids) show very little hair, as well as Malagasy. In America, most groups have little hair, just like in South-East Asia and Polynesia. African forest populations as well as Pacifids and Huarpids of South America show stronger hair growth
weak body hair
strong body hair

Continuous variability: Beard

Continuous variability: Face morphology
Thickness of the lips: from thin to thick
Landgraf et al., 2013

Continuous variability: Nose
Ridge of the nose
Nose tip
Flat
Incurved
Arched
Waived
Horizontal
Elevated
Adroped

Continuous variability: Cephalic index
71,1-75,9
81-84,9
76-80,9
<71
Hyperdolichocephaly was found in some early humans, but is rare today on the population level. The largest area of hyperdolichocephalic dominance is found from Central Australia to North Australia
>85

Continuous variability: Progmatism
Prognathism describes a projection of the jaws. The shape of the lower part of the nose is altered as well.
Orthognathy developed relatively early in the evolution of Homo sapiens and continuously increased in frequency, especially in colder regions.

Continuous variability: Facial index
Hyperleptoprosops (> 95%)
Leptoprosops (90-94,9%)
Mesoprosops (85-89,9%)
Euryprosops (80-84,5%)
Hypereuryprosops (<79,9%)
leptoprosop
It is measured by the length of the face from the root of the nose to the bottom of the chin, expressed as a percentage of the greatest breadth across the cheek-bones.
mesoprosop
euryprosop
Leptoprosops population

Continuous variability: Facial prolofereation
Well proliferated face (high nose root, buried cheeks)
Poor proliferated face (low nose root, prominent cheeks)

Continuous variability: Osteological traits
In hypermacroskelic individuals the sitting height is greater than 55% of the overall height.

Continuous variability: Body traits
Steatopygia
In steatopygic individuals there is a marked accumulation of fat over the buttocks, even when the fat layer of the rest of the body is only slight to moderate. It is found mainly in tropical regions, especially among Khoids.

Today’s Homework

Afro-American

British

Afro-American

Chineese

Afro-american

British

Chineese

Afro-American

Turkish

Peruvian

Australian aborigine

Eskimo

Turkish

Peruvian

Australian aborigine

Eskimo

Ethiopian

German

Indonesian

Homo heidelbergensis

Philipino

Japanese

Homo neanderthaliensis

Arabic (UAE)

Continuous variability:
Odontoglyphical traits
Odontoglyphics is the method of classification of the molar grooves defined in an individually distinctive pattern like that of fingerprints.

Continuous variability:
Dermatoglyphical traits
Dermatoglyphics is the study of the patterns of ridges of the skin of the fingers, palms, toes, and soles; of interest in anthropology and law enforcement as a means of establishing identity.

Discontinuous variability:
Blood types

Discontinuous variability:
Blood types
Karl Landsteiner
Rh blood group system

Discontinuous variability:
Blood types
Rh blood group system

Discontinuous variability:
HLA system
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a group of related proteins that are encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene complex in humans. These cell-surface proteins are responsible for the regulation of the immune system.

Discontinuous variability:
Hemoglobin

Discontinuous variability:
Serum proteins and enzymes

Discontinuous variability:
Other types
Taste sensatitivity to phenylcarbamide (PTC)
Olfactive sensitivity
Chromatic vision
Cranial epigenetic signs

Discontinuous variability:
Cranial epigenetic signs

Why are phenotypes important?
Differences in humans are not only driven by genetic divergence, but also by phenotypic divergence caused by adaptive pressure.
In evolution, a new species can be produced by either process, in most cases by a combination of both.
http://humanphenotypes.net/methods.html and Winker, 2009

Simplified human phylogenetic tree
http://humanphenotypes.net/methods.html and Winker, 2009

Homework
Australoid
Melanesian
Central African
South African
Indo-Mediterranean
Atlanto-baltic
Balcano-Cocasian
Uralic