Paul Ekman

PAUL EKMAN

HTTPS://WWW.PAULEKMAN.COM/

MISLED - ВВОДИТЬ В ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЕ
CONCEAL
HIDE СКРЫВАТЬ
MASK
LEAKAGE УТЕЧКА
LEAK
IMPOSE ОБМАНЫВАТЬ
DECEIT ОБМАН
CHEATING ОБМАН

MOST OFTEN LIES FAIL BECAUSE SOME SIGN OF AN EMOTION BEING CONCEALED LEAKS (УТЕЧКА). THE STRONGER THE EMOTIONS INVOLVED IN THE LIE, AND THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT EMOTIONS, THE MORE LIKELY IT IS THAT THE LIE WILL BE BETRAYED BY SOME FORM OF BEHAVIORAL LEAKAGE (УТЕЧКА).

AN EMOTION THAT IS DOUBLY PROBLEMATIC FOR THE LIAR—NOT ONLY MAY SIGNS OF IT LEAK (УТЕЧКА), BUT
THE TORMENT OF GUILT (МУЧЕНИЕ ВИНЫ) MAY MOTIVATE THE LIAR TO MAKE MISTAKES SO AS TO BE CAUGHT.

TRUTH CAN BE USED AS A BLUDGEON (ДУБИНКА), CRUELLY INFLICTING (НАНЕСЕНИЕ) PAIN.

NO LIAR SHOULD PRESUME (ПРЕДПОЛАГАТЬ) TOO EASILY THAT A VICTIM DESIRES TO BE MISLED (ВВОДИТЬ В ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЕ). AND NO LIE CATCHER SHOULD TOO EASILY PRESUME THE RIGHT TO EXPOSE (РАСКРЫТЬ) EVERY LIE.

THE TERM LIE WHEN NOT TELLING THE TRUTH OR DECEIT.

NORMALLY A VIOLENT (СИЛЬНЫЙ) EXPRESSION OF MORAL REPROBATION (ОСУЖДЕНИЕ), WHICH IN POLITE CONVERSATION TENDS TO BE AVOIDED, THE SYNONYMS FALSEHOOD (ЛОЖЬ) AND UNTRUTH BEING OFTEN SUBSTITUTED (ЗАЩИЩАТЬ) AS RELATIVELY EUPHEMISTIC."

A LIAR CAN CHOOSE NOT TO LIE.
DELIBERATE (НАМЕРЕННО)

A LIAR MAY COME
OVER TIME TO BELIEVE IN HER OWN LIE.
NO LONGER BE A LIAR

2 PRIMARY WAYS TO LIE
to falsify
to conceal
(скрыть)

HAVE A GOOD ENOUGH MEMORY TO BE A LIAR

LIARS MAY FEEL LESS GUILT ABOUT CONCEALING THAN FALSIFYING

CONCEALMENT LIES ARE ALSO MUCH EASIER TO COVER AFTERWARD (ПОЗЖЕ)
IF DISCOVERED.

BY FALSIFYING ONLY A FAILURE TO REMEMBER, THE LIAR AVOIDS HAVING TO REMEMBER A FALSE STORY; ALL THAT NEEDS TO BE REMEMBERED IS THE UNTRUE CLAIM (УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ) TO A POOR MEMORY. AND, IF THE TRUTH LATER COMES OUT, THE LIAR CAN ALWAYS CLAIM NOT TO HAVE LIED ABOUT IT, THAT IT WAS JUST A MEMORY PROBLEM.

A MEMORY FAILURE IS CREDIBLE (ПРАВДОПОДОБНО) ONLY IN LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES.

A LIAR LOSES THE CHOICE WHETHER TO CONCEAL OR FALSIFY ONCE
CHALLENGED (ВЫЗОВ) BY THE VICTIM.

SOME LIES FROM THE OUTSET REQUIRE FALSIFICATION; CONCEALMENT
ALONE WILL NOT DO.

FALSIFICATION ALSO OCCURS, EVEN THOUGH THE LIE DOES NOT DIRECTLY REQUIRE IT, TO HELP THE LIAR COVER EVIDENCE OF WHAT IS BEING CONCEALED. THIS USE OF FALSIFICATION TO MASK WHAT IS BEING CONCEALED IS ESPECIALLY NECESSARY WHEN EMOTIONS MUST BE CONCEALED. IT IS EASY TO CONCEAL AN EMOTION NO LONGER FELT, MUCH HARDER TO CONCEAL AN EMOTION FELT AT THE MOMENT, ESPECIALLY IF THE FEELING IS STRONG.

PANIC ITSELF IS NOT PROOF OF LYING, BUT IT WOULD MAKE JERRY SUSPICIOUS,

WHEN HANDS BEGIN TO TREMBLE IT IS MUCH EASIER TO DO SOMETHING WITH THEM—MAKE A FIST (КУЛАК) OR FOLD (СГИБ) THEM—THAN JUST LET THEM LIE STILL. WHEN LIPS ARE TIGHTENING (СЖИМАТЬ) AND STRETCHING (,РАСТЯГИВАТЬ), AND THE UPPER EYELIDS AND BROWS ARE BEING PULLED UP IN FEAR, IT IS VERY HARD TO KEEP A STILL FACE. THOSE EXPRESSIONS CAN BE BETTER CONCEALED BY ADDING OTHER MUSCLE MOVEMENTS—GRITTING (СКРЕЖЕТ) THE TEETH, PRESSING THE LIPS, LOWERING (СНИЖЕНИЕ) THE BROW (БРОВИ), GLARING (ЯРКИЙ).

THE BEST WAY TO CONCEAL STRONG EMOTIONS IS WITH A MASK. COVERING THE FACE OR PART OF IT WITH ONE'S HAND OR TURNING AWAY FROM THE PERSON ONE IS TALKING TO USUALLY CAN'T BE DONE WITHOUT GIVING THE LIE AWAY. THE BEST MASK IS A FALSE EMOTION. IT NOT ONLY MISLEADS, BUT IT IS THE BEST CAMOUFLAGE. IT IS TERRIBLY HARD TO KEEP THE FACE IMPASSIVE OR THE HANDS INACTIVE WHEN AN EMOTION IS FELT STRONGLY. LOOKING UNEMOTIONAL, COOL, OR NEUTRAL IS THE HARDEST APPEARANCE TO MAINTAIN WHEN EMOTIONS ARE FELT. IT IS MUCH EASIER TO PUT ON A POSE, TO STOP OR COUNTER WITH ANOTHER SET OF ACTIONS THOSE ACTIONS THAT ARE EXPRESSIONS OF THE FELT EMOTION.

NOT EVERY SITUATION ALLOWS THE LIAR TO MASK THE FELT
EMOTION. SOME LIES REQUIRE THE MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TASK OF
CONCEALING EMOTIONS WITHOUT FALSIFYING.

NOT EVERY SITUATION ALLOWS THE LIAR TO MASK THE FELT EMOTION. SOME LIES REQUIRE THE MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TASK OF
CONCEALING EMOTIONS WITHOUT FALSIFYING.
SMILING IS PART OF THE STANDARD GREETING AND IS
REQUIRED FREQUENTLY THROUGHOUT MOST POLITE EXCHANGES.

TECHNIQUE THAT ALLOWS THE LIAR TO AVOID SAYING
ANYTHING UNTRUE IS THE INCORRECT-INFERENCE DODGE.
ЕЩЕ ОДНА ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ СОЛГАТЬ, НЕ ГОВОРЯ НЕПРАВДЫ, – ЭТО СБИВАЮЩАЯ С ТОЛКУ УВЕРТКА (DODGE)

THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CLUES TO DECEIT: LEAKAGE, WHEN THE LIAR INADVERTENTLY REVEALS THE TRUTH; AND DECEPTION CLUES, WHEN THE LIAR'S BEHAVIOR REVEALS ONLY THAT WHAT HE SAYS IS UNTRUE.
ДВА ВИДА ПРИЗНАКОВ ОБМАНА: УТЕЧКА ИНФОРМАЦИИ (ЛЖЕЦ ВЫДАЕТ СЕБЯ НЕЧАЯННО) И ИНФОРМАЦИЯ О НАЛИЧИИ ОБМАНА (ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ЛЖЕЦА ВЫДАЕТ ЛИШЬ ТО, ЧТО ОН ГОВОРИТ НЕПРАВДУ).
BOTH LEAKAGE AND DECEPTION CLUES ARE MISTAKES. THEY DO
NOT ALWAYS HAPPEN.

WHY LIES FAIL
- BAD LINES НЕУДАЧНАЯ ЛИНИЯ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ
- LYING ABOUT FEELINGS ЛОЖЬ И ЧУВСТВА
- FEELINGS ABOUT LYING ЧУВСТВА И ЛОЖЬ
- FEAR OF BEING CAUGHT СТРАХ РАЗОБЛАЧЕНИЯ
- DECEPTION GUILT МУКИ СОВЕСТИ
-DUPING DELIGHT ВОСТОРГ НАДУВАТЕЛЬСТВА

NATURAL LIARS KNOW
ABOUT THEIR ABILITY, AND SO DO THOSE WHO KNOW THEM WELL.
SKILLS
HE SKILL NEEDED TO PLAN A STRATEGY
AND THE SKILL NEEDED TO MISLEAD AN OPPONENT IN A FACE-TO-FACE MEETING.

DETECTING DECEIT FROM WORDS, VOICE, OR BODY
- THE WORDS - THE INFORMATION DOESN'T SLIP OUT
- EMOTION —FURY, HORROR, TERROR, OR DISTRESS—THAT CAUSES THE LIAR TO GIVE AWAY INFORMATION
- THE VOICE
- EMOTIONS
- PAUSE
- SOUND OF VOICE
- A CHANGE IN PITCH WITH DECEIT. A SIGN OF FEAR OR ANGER, PERHAPS ALSO OF EXCITEMENT
- THE BODY
- EMBLEMS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS PERFORMED DELIBERATELY. - LEAK INFORMATION
THE PERSON IS TRYING TO CONCEAL
- ILLUSTRATORS - THEY ILLUSTRATE SPEECH AS IT IS SPOKEN
- MANIPULATORS - STATES—DISCOMFORT AND RELAXATION

FACIAL CLUES TO DECEIT
THE FACE CAN SHOW:
• WHICH EMOTION IS FELT—ANGER, FEAR, SADNESS, DISGUST, DISTRESS, HAPPINESS, CONTENTMENT, EXCITEMENT, SURPRISE, AND CONTEMPT CAN ALL BE CONVEYED BY DISTINCTIVE EXPRESSIONS;
• WHETHER TWO EMOTIONS ARE BLENDED TOGETHER—OFTEN TWO EMOTIONS ARE FELT AND THE FACE REGISTERS ELEMENTS OF EACH;
• THE STRENGTH OF THE FELT EMOTION—EACH EMOTION CAN VARY IN INTENSITY, FROM ANNOYANCE TO RAGE, APPREHENSION TO TERROR, ETC.

1 ANGER
2 FEAR
3 SURPRISE