Словообразование в английском языке

OUTLINE
Basic types of word building
Affixation
Composition
Shortening
Conversion
Secondary types of word building
Sound imitation
Blending
Reduplication
Back affixation
Sound interchange
Stress shift

TYPES OF WORD BUILDING
Basic types
Affixation/Derivation (Аффиксация/Деривация )
Composition (Словосложение)
Shortening (Сокращение)
Conversion (Конверсия) Resulting types of words: Affixation – derivative/derived word (производное слово), Composition – compound word (сложное слово),
Shortening – shortened word (сокращенное слово)

TYPES OF WORD BUILDING
Secondary types:
Productive
Sound imitation/onomatopoeia (Звукоподражание/ономатопея)
Blending (Стяжение основ)
Reduplication (Удвоение корня)
Back affixation/Reversion (Обратная аффиксация/реверсия)
Non-productive
Sound interchange (изменение звуков в корне)
Stress shift (смещение ударения)

AFFIXATION
Аффиксация – способ словообразования, при котором новое слово образуется путем добавления аффикса к корневой основе
Structural aspect
Noun suffixes: -er/or, -ee, -ness, -ing, -ship, -dom, -ity, - hood,
-tion/sion/ion, -ment, -ist, -ism, -th, -al, -ance/ence
Adjective suffixes: -y, -able/ible, -ful, -less, -ish, -ous, -ent/ant, -ive,
-al, -ic, -ile, -en, -ly, -some, -like
Verb suffixes: -ise/ize, -ify, -ate/ute, -en
Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward, -wise

1. Denominal suffixes (отыменные) N + suffix
- less, -ful, -ist, -ism, -dom, -hood, -ship
2. Deverbal suffixes (отглагольные) V + suffix
-er/or, -ment, -ing, -able/ible
3. Deadjectival (отадъективные) Adj + suffix
- ly, -ish, -ness, -en

Productive affixes are used to make new words,
non-productive – are not.
Some productive affixes: -er, -ness, -ing, -y, -ly, -ise, -ate, un-, re-,
dis-
Some non-productive affixes: -hood, -th, -ly (adj), -en, -some.

AFFIXATION
Semantic aspect
- y “characterized by or inclined to the substance”
e.g. sandy, windy, sunny, chatty
BUT: foxy, catty, rosy (cheeks), fishy, touchy

COMPOSITION
Structural aspect
Neutral compounds e.g. sunrise, doubledecker, H-bag
Morphological compounds e.g. sportsman, Anglo-Saxon
Syntactical compounds e.g. mother-in-law, mother-of pearl, lily-of-the-valley

COMPOSITION
Semantic aspect
1. Non-idiomatic (неидиоматические) e.g. bedroom, heartbeat
2 + 2 = 4
2. Half-idiomatic (полу идиоматические) e.g. blackberry, wolf-dog
2 + 2 = 4,5
3. Idiomatic (идиоматические) e.g. hole-in-the-wall, buttercup, lady-killer, wallflower, butterfingers, love-lies-bleeding, merry-go-round, forget-me-not, whodunit, love-in-idleness
2 + 2 = 5

SHORTENING
1. Abbreviation
a) Abbreviations with alphabetic reading e.g. U.S.A., VIP
b) Acronyms e.g. NATO, UNO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
2. Clipping
1. Initial clipping e.g. (tele)phone,
2. Medial clipping e.g. math(ematic)s,
3. Final clipping e.g. fan(atic)
4. Initial and final clipping e.g. de(tec)tive
Taxi. Cab Taxi(meter) cab(riolet)

CONVERSION
Конверсия – способ словообразования, при котором новое слово образуется путем изменения категории части речи
Popular models of conversion
V N e.g. to make – a make
N V e.g. nose – to nose
Adj V e.g. pale – to pale
Adj N e.g. rich – the rich
Prep/Adv V e.g. out – to out; down – to down
Prep/Adv N e.g. up/down – ups and downs: in/out – ins and outs

SEMANTICS OF CONVERSION MODELS
Noun Verb
Название орудия труда - выполняемое действие e.g. a saw – to saw; a hammer – to hammer
Название животного – характерное/приписываемое поведение e.g. A fox – to fox; a wolf – to wolf; a rat – to rat; a monkey – to monkey
Название части тела – выполняемое действие e.g. an elbow – to elbow; an eye – to eye; a nose – to nose; a hand – to hand
Название профессии - выполняемое действие e.g. a cook – to cook; a nurse – to nurse; a waiter – to waiter; a parent – to parent
Место – процесс его занимания e.g. a room – to room; a place – to place; a bottle – to bottle; a pocket – to pocket

SECONDARY TYPES OF WORD-BUILDING
Sound Imitation
Имитация звуков живой и неживой природы
Sounds of animals e.g. to buzz; to crow; to hiss; to howl; to purr; to roar; to moo; to mew; to bark; to croak; to quack
Sounds of people e.g. to whisper; to giggle; to murmur; to grumble; to babble; to snort; to snore
Sounds of things e.g. to hiss; to hoot; to rattle; to grate; to click

SECONDARY TYPES OF WORD-BUILDING
Reduplication (удвоение корня)
Без чередования звука в корне e.g. bye-bye; hush-hush; blah-blah
C чередованием звука в корне e.g. chit-chat; ping-pong; knick-knack; to dilly-dally; riff-raff; shilly-shally; harum-scarum; helter-skelter; willy-nilly

SECONDARY TYPES OF WORD-BUILDING
Blending (стяжение основ)
e.g. smog = smoke + fog
motel = motorist + hotel
brunch = breakfast + lunch
spam = spiced + ham Hornet company
spork = spoon + fork
plogging = plucking (litter) + jogging
edutainment = education + entertainment

SECONDARY TYPES OF WORD-BUILDING
Back Affixation / Reversion
Beggar – to beg; cobbler - to cobble
NOUN - VERB
Commonly deleted suffixes – ER/ING/ION
Baby-sitter – to baby-sit; house-breaker – to house-break
Finger-printing – to finger-print; blood-transfusion – to blood-transfuse
Play in the yard yard-playing to yard-play
Verb + (prep) + Noun N V–ing/er Verb

SECONDARY TYPES OF WORD-BUILDING
Stress Shift (Смещение ударения)
‘present - to pre’sent ‘conflict – to con’flict
‘progress – to prog’ress ‘perfect – to per’fect
‘protest – to pro’test ‘abstract – to ab’stract
‘increase – to in’crease ‘convict – to con’vict
‘decrease – to de’crease ‘convert – to con’vert
‘produce – to pro’duce
‘insult – to in’sult