History of Computers
Read and learn new words by heart. (Прочитайте и выучите наизусть новые слова). to calculate – вычислять, исчислять dependable - надежный multiple – многочисленный consequently - постоянно abacus – счеты to be etched - быть пробитым bead frame – рамка с косточками (перфорированным) to divide – делить, разделять encapsulated – закапсулирован- device - прибор ный slide ruler – логарифмическая линейка gear wheels – шестеренки с десятью зубцами attempt - попытка to perform - выполнять predecessor – предшественник extra - дополнительный Read and translate the text. Let’s take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device we used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read. During the 17th and 18th century many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by doth Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a series of ten-toothed gear wheels. In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called “The Analytical Engine”.
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