History of the French Language

There are currently over 4,000 languages, among which French is considered one of the most widely spoken.
It is spoken not only by the French but also by people from other European countries and in some countries it is even recognized as the second official language.
The history of the French language goes back to before our era. It is thought to have been formed from Latin.

French French is a Romance language. It is derived from the Latin language, which gradually replaced the Gallic language in the territory of Gaul. Today French is spoken by about 130 million people in the world. Latin group French Moldavian Italian Italian Spanish Romanian

Francophonie The term "Francophonie" was introduced in 1880 by the French geographer O. Reclus (1837-1916), who studied mainly France and North Africa. It has two main meanings: the fact of using French; the total francophone population (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Africa, etc.) Regions with a large number of French speakers: Black Africa 76% Maghreb 70% Western Europe 20% Regions with an average number: North America 13% 3. Regions with low numbers: Middle East 11% Eastern Europe 5% Latin America and Caribbean 3% Regions with very low numbers: francophone Africa 2.6% Asia and Oceania 0.2%

In the 9th century the French territory was divided into three large regions: the Provençal (Occitan) region, the Franco-Provençal region and the Nangdoyle region. In the 13th century French emerges from the French dialect. In the sixteenth century, a major act of government mandated the use of French exclusively in all court documents. In the 17th century French is enriched by many layers borrowed from Greek and Latin: Bibliothecarius - bibliotheque (library) Spectaculum - spectacle (spectacle) Familia - famille (family) Studens, entis - etudiant (student) In 1635 the French Academy was founded; it was charged with the important mission of creating an explanatory dictionary and its grammar. Beginning in the seventeenth century, French became the universal language in Europe.

Ways of enriching the French language Borrowing words of Frankish origin. Foreign-language contributions to the vocabulary. of modern French. Transfer of proper names into nouns. Youth slang.

1. Borrowing words of Frankish origin. a) without changing the lexical meaning of the word: bleu, flot, trop, robe, salle, frais, jardin etc. b) with a change: batir "bastjan", banc, trop "ro", fauteuil c) creating derivatives from Old Frankish words: "turner" - tourner, "graim" - chagrin, "glier" - glisser *

2. foreign-language contributions to the vocabulary French has many words borrowed from other languages. Words used in French come from: Arabic: l'alcool, le café, ajouré; English: parking, humour, cinéma, sport; German: nouilles, joker; Greek: thermomètre, l'architecture, la machine; Italian: piano, d'un balcon, un carnaval; Spanish: chocolat, tomate, tabac, caramel; Russian: compagnon, un samovar, chalet, matriochka. Russian has little influence on the French vocabulary: Beluga, le rouble, un manteau en peau de mouton, une grand-mère, un rouleau, boulettes de pâte, de résidence, la perestroïka, la glasnost. Borrowings from French are significant in Russian and are divided into different thematic groups: furniture (lampshade, closet, trumo); clothes (suit, corset, coat); accessories (bracelet, veil); politics (liberal, communism, federation); culture (impressionism, memoirs, party, actor, repertory, masterpiece); cookery (broth, dessert, cutlet, pickle).

3. Transfer of proper names to nominal names. a) family names: La Tour Eiffel, cadillac, soubise, fiacre b) Transfer of place names to objects of material reality: cloth: tulle food: roquefort, plombieres plants: mirabelle

Slang of modern French youth Examples of "fashionable" words among young people: pote - copain; bosser - travailler; For 15-17-year-olds "verlan" is typical: métro - tromé; musique - zicmu; "Largonge": cher - lerche; prince -linspré; Abbreviations: a) "apokopop": graff - graffiti; Net - Internet; b) "apheresis": blème - problème; dwich - sandwich; c) "alphabetisms": M.J.C. - Maison des Jeunes et de la Culture; "acronyms": la BU - la Bibliotheque Universitaire; Word fusion: école + colle = écolle; Some words borrowed from: Arabic: kawa = café; clebs = chien; Berber: arioul - idiot; Roma: bédo - cigarette de haschisch; Creole: timal - gars; African: gorette - fille; English: driver - chauffeur de taxi.

Peculiarities of perception of color in phraseology Blue: "sang bleu", "reve bleu", "l'oiseau bleu", "peur bleu", "contes bleus" Green: "temps vert", "etre vert de froid", "en dire des verts" Yellow: "sourire jaune", "jaune comme un citron" White: "boule blanche", "carte blanche" Red: "rouge comme un tomate", etre en rouge" Black: "humour noir", "machines noires"