Classification of sounds

Consonant sounds
Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities. That is why in the production of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise

On the articulatory level the consonants change:
In the degree of noise
In the manner of articulation
In the place of articulation

The degree of noise
Noise consonants
Sonorants

Noise consonants
Voiced
Weak (lenis)
b d ɡ v z ð ʒ ʤ
Voiceless
Strong (fortis)
p t k f s θ ʧ ʃ h

sonorants
m n ŋ w l r j

The manner of articulation
Occlusive
Constrictive
Occlusive-constrictive (affricates)
Rolled

Occlusive noise consonants
Voiced
Weak
b d ɡ
Voiceless
Strong
p t k

Occlusive sonorants
m n ŋ

Constrictive noise consonants (fricatives)
Voiced
Weak
v z ð ʒ
Voiceless
Strong
f s θ ʃ h

Constrictive sonorants
w r l j

Affricates
Voiced
Weak
ʤ
Voiceless
Strong
ʧ

The place of articulation
unicentral
bicentral

The place of articulation
Labial
Lingual
Glottal

Labial consonants
Bilabial
p b m w
Labio-dental
f v

Lingual consonants
Forelingual
Mediolingual
Backlingual

Forelingual consonants
Apical
t d s z f ʒ θ ð ʤ ʧ n l
Dorsal
Cacuminal r

Forelingual consonants
Interdental θ ð
Dental
Alveolar t d s z n l
Post-alveolar r
Palato-alveolar ʧ ʤ ʒ ʃ

Mediolingual consonant
j
Backlingual consonants
k ɡ ŋ

Glottal consonant
h

Vowel sounds
Vowels are normally made with the air stream that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth, pharyngeal or nasal cavities. That is why in the production of vowel sounds there is no noise component characteristic of consonant sounds

On the articulatory level vowels are classified according to
The stability of articulation
The tongue position
The lip position
The character of the vowel end
The degree of tenseness
Length

Stability of articulation
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
eɪ aɪ ɔɪ eə ʊə ɪə əʊ aʊ
Diphthongoids
i: u:

Tongue position
Fully front i: e æ
Front retracted ɪ
Central ɜ: Ə ʌ
Fully back ɒ ɔ: u:
Back advanced ʊ ɑ:

Tongue position
close (high) i: ɪ ʊ u:
mid e ɜ: ə
open (low) ʌ æ ɒ ɑ:

Tongue position
Diphthongs
centring closing
eə ʊə ɪə əʊ aʊ eɪ aɪ ɔɪ

Lip position
rounded
ɒ ɔ: ʊ u:
unrounded

Degree of tenseness
Lax short vowels
Tense long vowels

Character of the vowel end
Checked
vowel + weak voiceless consonant
cart
Unchecked/free
vowel + strong voiced consonant
vowel + Ø
head

Length
Short Long