introduction of anatomy

HISTORY OF ANATOMY
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
Greek physician
Father of Medicine
His name is memorialized in the Hippocratic oath
Humoral theory :
Four body humors –
-blood . -phlegum - -yellow bile - -black bile
Attributed diseases to natural causes .

GRECIAN PERIOD
HEROPHILUS (about 325BC)
Father of Anatomy
Performed:
-vivi-sections (dissections of living humans) and - dissections of human cadavers
regarded brain as seat of intelligence
described cerebrum, cerebellum, fourth ventricle
first to identify nerves as sensory or motor.

SIXTEENTH CENTURY
VESALIUS(1514- 1654)
His work De humani corporis fabrica written in 7 volumes
His work revolutionised the teaching of anatomy and ruled for two centuries
Chose not to have his name attached to the parts of body he described unlike anatomists Sylvius, Fallopius, Eustachius.
Father of Modern Anatomy
‘Reformer of Anatomy’

GENERAL ANATOMY
Anatomy = Ana (Gr) Tome (Gr)
Apart To Cut
Dissection = Dissecare (Latin)
To cut apart
Anatomy

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
Gross/ Cadaveric Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
Living Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy (Applied)
Neuroanatomy
Surface (Topographic) Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy

GROSS ANATOMY
REGIONAL ANATOMY
- Head and neck
- Brain
-Thorax - Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower limb
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system, Respiratory system, Urogenital
system

SUB – DIVISIONS OF BODY
Head and Neck
Brain
Superior Extremity
Thorax
Abdomen and Pelvis
Inferior Extremity
Anatomy

ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing up right
Looking straight towards horizon
Upper limbs hanging by the side of body
Palms facing forwards
Lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing forwards
Anatomy

MID SAGITTAL (Median Plane):
A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left equal halves.
SAGITTAL:
A vertical plane which is parallel to the sagittal plane.
TERMS OF PLANES
Anatomy

CORONAL PLANE
(Frontal Plane):
A vertical plane which is at right angles to the median plane dividing the body into an anterior and a posterior part.
TRANSVERSE PLANE:
A plane at right angles to the sagittal / coronal plane dividing the body into an upper and lower part.
TERMS OF PLANES
Anatomy

TERMS OF PLANES
HORIZONTAL PLANE: A plane parrallel to
the ground.
OBLIQUE PLANE: Any plane other than of
aforementioned planes.

TERMS OF POSTURE
Anatomy
Supine
Prone
Left Lateral
Right Lateral
Lithotomy
Erect
Upside
Down

Anterior = Ventral
Intermediate = Middle
Posterior = Dorsal
TERMS OF POSITION
Anatomy

Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
Median
TERMS OF POSITION
Anatomy

For solid organs:
-Superficial
-Deep
For hollow organs:
-Interior
-Exterior
For indicating the side:
-Ipsilateral
-Contralateral
OTHER TERMS
Anatomy

Superior = Cephalic
Inferior = Caudal
TERMS OF POSITION
Anatomy

Proximal
Distal
Radial
Ulnar
Tibial
Fibular
Preaxial border
Postaxial border
TERMS FOR LIMBS
Anatomy

Skull - Inferior surface is called as Base
Hand - Posterior surface - Dorum of Hand - Anterior surface - Palmar surface
TERMS OF POSITION
Anatomy

TERMS OF POSITION
Anatomy
Foot
- Superior surface -
Dorsum of Foot
- Inferior Surface -
Plantar Surface
.

Combination of Terms:
- Supero medial
- Infero lateral
- Postero superior
- Antero inferior
TERMS OF POSITION
Anatomy

Flexion: - Moving part is carried forwards
- Movement on the transverse axis
Extension- Moving part is carried
backwards
- Movement on the transverse axis.
Circumduction: Moving part forms the base of a cone
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy

Abduction: - Moving part is carried away from the body/
reference line.
- Movement on antero –
posterior axis.
Adduction: - Moving part is carried towards the body /
reference line.
-Movement on antero –
posterior axis.
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy

Medial Rotation –
-Moving part is rotated towards the mid line.
- Movement on vertical axis.
Lateral Rotation –
- Moving part is rotated away from the mid line.
- Movement on vertical axis.
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy

LEG:
Flexion – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried backwards.
Extension – A movement on knee joint in which leg is carried forwards.
TOES:
Abduction – Toes move away from the long axis of 2nd toe.
Adduction – Toes move towards long axis of the 2nd toe.
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy

NECK:
Flexion
Extension
ROTATION:
Right
Left
- LATERAL FLEXION
- Right
- Left
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy

FINGERS:
ABDUCTION – Fingers move away from the long axis of middle finger.
ADDUCTION – Fingers move towards the long axis of middle finger.
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Anatomy

Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Thumb:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Opposition
Forearm:
Pronation – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces towards ground.
Supination – Forearm is rotated that the palm faces above.
Mid Prone Position

Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
FOOT –
Inversion – Sole of the foot faces medially.
Eversion – Sole of the foot faces laterally.
Dorsiflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot comes closure to the front of leg.
Plantarflexion – A movement of foot in which the dorsal surface of foot goes away from the front of leg.

Anatomy
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Trunk:
Extension
Flexion
Rotation - Left

Anatomy
Rotation - Right
Lateral Flexion - Right
- Left
SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

REFERENCES
1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.
2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.
3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.

MCQs
1. Who is the Father of Anatomy:
a) Galen
b) Herophilus
c) Vesalius
d) Hippocrates

MCQs
2. The meaning of term anatomy is:
a) To analyze
b) To observe
c) To cut up
d) To make

MCQs
3. The sectional plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is:
a) Transverse plane
b) Sagittal plane
c) Coronal plane
d) Oblique plane

MCQs
4. Lying down position with the face directed down is called as: a) Supine
b) Prone
c) Anatomical
d) Lithotomy