Содержание

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Receptors provide information about both external and internal environments.
The receptors of the

Receptors provide information about both external and internal environments. The receptors of
human are located in EYES, EARS, NOSE, TONGUE and SKIN.
These organs are called Sense Organs.

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It provides more than 80% of the information received about the external

It provides more than 80% of the information received about the external environment. THE EYE
environment.

THE EYE

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STRUCTURE OF EYE

Eyes contain 3 main parts;
Schlerenchyma
Choroid
Retina

STRUCTURE OF EYE Eyes contain 3 main parts; Schlerenchyma Choroid Retina

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Schlerenchyma

It is supportive structure of eye that protects inner structures of the

Schlerenchyma It is supportive structure of eye that protects inner structures of
eye.
In the front, it bulges and becomes the transparent cornea.
Light enters the eye through cornea.

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CHOROID

Just inside the sclera is the choroid.
This layer contains many blood vessels.

CHOROID Just inside the sclera is the choroid. This layer contains many
At the front the eye the choroid layer forms the iris.
It is colored part of eye. In the centre of the iris is an opening called PUPIL.

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The diameter of iris is related to the amount of light.
It narrows

The diameter of iris is related to the amount of light. It
pupil under intense light but widens in dark conditions.
The size of pupil is controlled automatically by central nervous system.

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THE RETINA

Behind the iris is the lens. It focuses the light on

THE RETINA Behind the iris is the lens. It focuses the light
the retina (photoreceptor).
Innermost layer of the eye, the retina contains the light receptors.
At the rear of the eye, the retina is attached to the optic nerve which carries impulses from the light sensitive cells to the brain.

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Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, pupil, lens, and forms

Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, pupil, lens, and forms
an image on the retina.
Retina contains light sensitive cells which they are called cones and rods.

VISION

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Cones are sensitive to color.
Rods are sensitive to dim light but

Cones are sensitive to color. Rods are sensitive to dim light but
not to color.
The retina contains 125 million rods and 6,5 million cones.

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A severe dificiency of vitamin A leads to a condition called night

A severe dificiency of vitamin A leads to a condition called night
blindnes.
In this condition amount of retinal rods and cones is decreased.

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While at rest, instead of focusing on the retina, the light rays

While at rest, instead of focusing on the retina, the light rays
focus in front of it.
This type of eye defect is called myopia.
This condition can be corrected by concave lenses.

defects of eye

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At rest, the light rays focus behind instead of on the retina.

At rest, the light rays focus behind instead of on the retina.

This type of eye defect is termed hypermetropia.
This condition can be corrected by convex lenses.

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The human ear has 2 sensory functions.
One of them is hearing.
Other

The human ear has 2 sensory functions. One of them is hearing.
is maintaning balance or equilibrium.

THE EARS

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Structure of ears

Ears contains 3 main parts;
Outer ear,
The middle ear
Inner ear

Structure of ears Ears contains 3 main parts; Outer ear, The middle ear Inner ear

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OUTER EAR

Outer ear is composed f 3 parts.
These are pinna, auditory canal

OUTER EAR Outer ear is composed f 3 parts. These are pinna,
and eardrum.
Pinna is a cartilaginous tissue which collects sound waves and determines the source of voices.

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Auditory canal is a canal which is found between pinna and eardrum.
It

Auditory canal is a canal which is found between pinna and eardrum.
has hairs and produces wax-like substance to filter solid partcicles.
The eardrum separates outer ear from the middle ear.
It is thin half transparent.

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MIDDLE EAR

It contains three small bones which are called the hammer, anvil

MIDDLE EAR It contains three small bones which are called the hammer,
and stirrup.
These bones uform a chain across the middle ear linking the eardrum to another membrane, the oval window.

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The hommer attached to the eardrum, the anvil connects the hommer to

The hommer attached to the eardrum, the anvil connects the hommer to
the stirrup.
Stirrup is connected to the oval window.

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EUSTACHIAN TUBE

It is located between pharynx and the middle ear.
It equalizes in

EUSTACHIAN TUBE It is located between pharynx and the middle ear. It
the middle ear and atmosphere.

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THE INNER EAR

It consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals.
Cochlea is organ

THE INNER EAR It consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals. Cochlea
of hearing which consists of coiled, liquid-filled tubes.

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They are separated from another by membranes.
Lining of the membranes are specialized

They are separated from another by membranes. Lining of the membranes are
hair cells that are sensitive to vibration.

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Semicircular canals enable the body to maintain balance.
These canals contain fluid and

Semicircular canals enable the body to maintain balance. These canals contain fluid
hairlike projenctions that detect changes in body position.

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Sound waves collected by outer ear pass down the auditory canal to

Sound waves collected by outer ear pass down the auditory canal to
the eardrum.
They cause the eardrum to vibrate.
The vibrations are transmitted across the middle ear by the hammer, onvil and stirrup.

HEARING

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Vibration of stirrup cause vibrations in the oval window which in turn

Vibration of stirrup cause vibrations in the oval window which in turn
cause the fluid within the cochlea.
The initiates in nerve endings around the hair cells.
These impulses are carried to the cerebral cortex, where their meaning is interpreted.

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Structure of the ear

Three regions:

Outer ear

Middle ear

Inner ear

Structure of the ear Three regions: Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

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Process of hearing

Sound waves are collected by the ear pinna

Process of hearing Sound waves are collected by the ear pinna

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Process of hearing

Sound waves pass along the external auditory canal to the

Process of hearing Sound waves pass along the external auditory canal to the ear drum
ear drum

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Process of hearing

Sound waves make the ear drum to vibrate

Ear drum converts

Process of hearing Sound waves make the ear drum to vibrate Ear
sound waves into mechanical vibrations

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Process of hearing

Ear drum transmits vibration to the ear bones

Ear bones transmit

Process of hearing Ear drum transmits vibration to the ear bones Ear
and amplify vibrations

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Process of hearing

Ear bones transmit vibration to the oval windows

Process of hearing Ear bones transmit vibration to the oval windows

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Process of hearing

Oval window causes the perilymph in the upper canal of

Process of hearing Oval window causes the perilymph in the upper canal
the cochlea to vibrate

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Process of hearing

Perilymph transmits vibrations to the endolymph in the middle canal

Process of hearing Perilymph transmits vibrations to the endolymph in the middle canal

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Process of hearing

The sensory hair cells on the bottom membrane of the

Process of hearing The sensory hair cells on the bottom membrane of
middle canal are stimulated

The sensory hair cells send off nerve impulses

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Process of hearing

The auditory nerve transmits the impulses to the auditory centre

Process of hearing The auditory nerve transmits the impulses to the auditory
of the cerebral cortex

The auditory centre interprets the nerve impulses and produce the sensation of hearing

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Process of hearing

The vibrations of perilymph are transmitted to the round window

Round

Process of hearing The vibrations of perilymph are transmitted to the round
window bulges outwards into the middle ear cavity to release pressure

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All multicellular organisms have a skin composed of one or more layers.

THE

All multicellular organisms have a skin composed of one or more layers. THE SKIN
SKIN

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Functions of Skin

It protects the inner layers of the body from physical

Functions of Skin It protects the inner layers of the body from
and chemical effects.
It prevents body from enterance of microbes
It prevents water loss in terrestial organisms.
It prevents cell from ultraviolet light.

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EPIDERMIS is outermost layer of skin.
This layer composed of keratinised epithelial cells.
Epidermis

EPIDERMIS is outermost layer of skin. This layer composed of keratinised epithelial
contains no blood vessels.
Upper section of epidermis is composed of non-living cells.
The color of skin is conferred by melanin pigment.

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DERMIS is rich in blood vessels and nerve ending.
The receptors located in

DERMIS is rich in blood vessels and nerve ending. The receptors located
the skin are connected to these nerve ending.
Dermis also contain smooth muscle, sweat glands, hair follicles, toch receptors and lymph vessels.

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RECEPTORS

Meisner corpuscles: They are involved in reception of touch of the palm

RECEPTORS Meisner corpuscles: They are involved in reception of touch of the
sole and lips.
Paccinian corpuscles: They are involved in recption of mechanical stimuli.
Krouse corpuscles: They are involved in reception of cold and pressure.

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Ruffini corpuscles: They are involved in recption of heat, touch and pressure.
Sweat

Ruffini corpuscles: They are involved in recption of heat, touch and pressure.
glands: They are present in all regions of the skin. They open onto the surface of skin by pores.

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They are involved in removal of water, minerals, urea and other substances.
The

They are involved in removal of water, minerals, urea and other substances.
main function of sweat glands is the regulation of body temperature by evaporation of water.

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Nose is the organ of the body involved in botdh respiration and

Nose is the organ of the body involved in botdh respiration and
smell.
The reception of smell takes place in chemoreceptors located in nasal cavity.

THE NOSE

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Smelling is fundemantal in the detection of food, maintenance of relationship, reproduction

Smelling is fundemantal in the detection of food, maintenance of relationship, reproduction
and communication of some animals.
Nose also provides the control of temperature
The control of humidity and the elemination of infectious organisms.

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The surface of the tongue is covered with small projections called papillae.
There

The surface of the tongue is covered with small projections called papillae.
are the taste receptors or taste buds within the papillae.
Nerve fibers branch among the cells of the taste bud and each cell is in contact with one or more neurons.

THE TASTE

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Only substances that are in solution can stimulate the taste buds.
The taste

Only substances that are in solution can stimulate the taste buds. The
buds are sensitive to only four basic tastes;
SWEET, SOUR, SALT AND BITTER
Each taste bud is particularly sensitive to one of these tastes.

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Tend to be localized on specific areas of the tongue, taste buds

Tend to be localized on specific areas of the tongue, taste buds
for sourness are found along the sides of the tongue
Taste buds for bitterness at the back of the tongue
Taste buds for sweetness and saltiness at the back of the tongue

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Taste buds for sweetness and saltiness on the tip of the tongue.
When

Taste buds for sweetness and saltiness on the tip of the tongue.
taste buds are stimulated, impulses are initiated by the sensory cells of the structure and carried to the brain.

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Tongue - the taste organ

Detected by taste buds on the upper surface

Tongue - the taste organ Detected by taste buds on the upper
of the tongue which are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva
Different regions detect different tastes

sweet

salty

sour

bitter

Flavour of food is given by both the sense of taste and odour of it

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