The middle ages

Repeated invasions and constant warfare ended the Western Roman Empire:
Disruption of Trade--Merchants faced invasions from land and sea. Businesses collapse and money becomes scarce.
Downfall of Cities--Cities were abandoned.
Population Shift--Population moves from cities to countryside (rural).
Changes in Western Europe

People turned to church for order and security.
Germanic people called the Franks were led by Clovis, who converted to Christianity.
The Church adapts to the rural conditions of Western Europe. The Church built religious communities called monasteries.
Changes in Western Europe

Cathedral of Chartres:
Gothic Architecture

Notre Dame:
Gothic Architecture

The feudal system provided order and stability. Everyone knew their place and what they had to do.
The manorial system provided for an economy that was based on farming and being self-sufficient on the manor.
The Feudal System

The Feudal System
King
Lords
Lesser Lords (Vassals)
Knights
Peasants (Serfs)
Military Service
&
Labor
&
Loyalty
Land
&
Protection

The manor was the lord’s estate.
The manor system was an economic arrangement between a lord and his serfs.
The lord would provide serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits.
In return, the serfs tended the lord’s lands, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks to maintain the estate.
The manor was largely a self-sufficient community.
Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

Knights

The education of a young noble began early (age 7).
He would be sent off to the castle of another lord. He waited on his hosts and learned courtly manners. He played chess and learned war strategies.
To develop fighting skills, he would practice sword fighting.
Education of a Knight

At around the age of 14, the boy would become a squire.
A squire would act as a servant to a knight.
The squire took care of the knight’s armor, weapons, and warhorse.
The squire would also escort the knight to battles.
Education of a Knight

At around 21, a squire became a full-fledged knight.
Knights were to abide by a complex set of ideals, which became known as the code of chivalry.
Later in the Middle Ages battles were often for show.
Education of a Knight

Knights were bound by a strict code of conduct called chivalry.
According to this code, knights were expected to be brave, loyal, true to their word and protective of women and those weaker than them.
Kn ights Continued...

Medieval castles were designed in response to the weaponry they had to withstand. Wooden castles were easily destroyed by the burning missiles slung by siege weapons.
Castles began to be built with stone and their walls were built higher and thicker—exposed walls could be as thick as 33 feet.
Castles

Rectangular towers were rounded off to deflect missiles.
As protection against battering rams, castle doors were reinforced with one or more iron grilles and sometimes a second door.
Castles

The best known Medieval King was Charlemagne, who ruled over a large empire in what is now France, Germany and parts of Italy.
Charlemagne encouraged learning and set up schools.
He also rescued the Pope from Roman attackers, thereby spreading his empire and Christianity.
Chalemagne

Charlemagne’s capital, Aachen, in Germany.

Feudalism and the manor system created divisions among people. Shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together.
Priests and other religious officials administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies.
Kings and peasants were subject to canon law, or the law of the Church, in matters such as marriage and religious practices.
A crown from the Holy Roman Empire.
The Church & The Holy Roman Empire

A crown from the Holy Roman Empire.
After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire was the strongest kingdom that arose from the ruins of his empire.
When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts between popes and emperors.
Otto I, a German leader, allies with the church and creates the Holy Romany Empire.
The Church & The Holy Roman Empire

Otto I

Formation of Western Europe 800 to 1500 AD
The High Middle Ages

Beginnings of the Crusades
Muslim Seljuk Turks conquered nearly all Byzantine provinces in Asia Minor.
In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by the Seljuk Turks.
In 1093, Byzantine emperor Alexius I wrote a letter to Pope Urban II asking him and western Europe to join his war against the Muslim Turks, so that the Holy Land could be controlled by Christians once again.

Beginnings of the Crusades
The letter to the pope begged for help, so that the Holy Sepulcher, Christ’s tomb in Jerusalem, would not be destroyed.
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II declared a holy war in the East and the Truce of God in the West.
The pope called for this crusade, or holy war, to help the Byzantine Empire, to assert his own leadership in the West, and to get the Christians in western Europe to stop fighting each other.

Beginnings of the Crusades
Pope Urban II called for the crusades in a famous speech.
In this speech, he referred to the Muslims as “wicked” and promised forgiveness of sins and heaven to anyone who fought against them.

The Crusades
The First Crusade consisted mostly of poor people, including serfs, who lacked supplies, equipment, weapons, and training.
Many peasants joined the crusade to gain new lands and riches, as there had been many crop failures. Serfs wanted to escape feudalism.
Even criminals and debtors joined the crusade in order to escape punishments.
Many of the people in the First Crusade died on the way to Constantinople due to a lack of food and clashes with others along the way.

The Crusades
In 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, or die.
Fighting continued in the Holy Land between crusaders and Muslims, who were fighting in the name of Allah.
Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims conquered Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.

The Crusades
The King of England, Richard the Lion-Hearted, led the Third Crusade against Saladin.
Rather than fight, King Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin agreed to a peace treaty.
Under the treaty, European pilgrims would be allowed to safely visit the Holy Land, which would remain under the control of the Muslims.
Many new trade routes opened between the East and the West.

The Crusades Continue…
In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders attacked and plundered Constantinople, the city they had originally come to protect!
For the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, but the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.
Crusaders had ruined much of the land through which they traveled, including many farms.
Many knights that returned home had lost their horses and money.
Many crusaders never made it home, leaving western Europe with many widows and fatherless children.

Farming Improvements:
Use of horses instead of oxen. Horses could plow twice as much as an oxen in a day.
X
The Three Field System emerges. Enables people to use 2/3 of their 600 acres of farmland instead of just 1/2.
Field 1: 200 acres for a winter crop such as wheat or rye.
Field 2: 200 acres for a spring crop such as oats, barley, peas, or beans.
Field 3: 200 acres lay fallow for animals to graze.

Revival of Learning
At a time when serious scholars and writers were writing in Latin, a few remarkable poets began using a lively vernacular, or the everyday language of their homeland.
Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy (1321) -- Italian
Geoffery Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400) -- English
Christine de Pisan wrote The City of Ladies (1405) – French
Since most people could not read or understand Latin, these writers brought literature to the people.
Scholar, Thomas Aquinas, argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.-- Influenced by Aristotle.

England Develops

England Develops
By the early 800s, there were many small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms throughout the former Roman province Britain.
For centuries, invaders from various regions in Europe landed on English shores. Many of them stayed, bringing their own ways and changing English culture.
800’s -- Danish Vikings invaded. It wasn’t until Alfred the Great, king from 871-899, managed to turn back the Vikings.
Alfred united the kingdoms of Britain under one rule, calling it England (“Land of the Angles”).

England Develops
Fight Night!!
Champion: Harold Godwinson (Anglo-Saxon who claimed the throne)
Challenger: William duke of Normandy (Became known as William the Conqueror)
Event: Oct. 14, 1066 -- the Normans and Saxons fought the battle that changed the course of English history. (Battle of Hastings)
Decision: Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye, the Normans won a decisive victory. William laid the foundation for centralized government. (William grants fiefs to 200 Norman Lords in exchange for a pledge of a loyalty.)

England Develops
King Henry rules from 1154 to 1189. (He is a descendent of William the conqueror.)
Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a wife to two kings and a mother to two kings.
Henry strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year.
They collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes.

England Develops
King Henry also introduced the use of the jury in English courts. A jury in medieval Europe was a group of loyal people—usually 12 neighbors of the accused—who answered a royal judges questions about the facts of a case.
Jury trials became a popular means of settling disputes. Only the king’s court was allowed to conduct them.

England Develops
King Henry was succeeded first by his son Richard the Lion-Hearted, hero of the Third Crusade.
When Richard died, his younger brother John took the throne.
John was an extremely poor king. The last straw was when he raised taxes. The nobles revolted.
John was forced to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter). This guaranteed the nobles certain basic political rights. Put a limit on the king’s powers.

England Develops

King Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against the French in 1295.
King Edward I summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a Parliament, or legislative group.
England Develops

Two groups gradually formed in Parliament:
House of Commons (Knights & Burgesses)
House of Lords (Nobles & Bishops)
At first Parliament was meant to be a tool to weaken the great lords. As time went by, however, Parliament became strong.
Like the Magna Carta, it provided a check on royal power.
England Develops