The system of state bodies of Egypt

The head of the state
The first president of Egypt was Mohamed Naguib, who along with Gamal Abdel Nasser, led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 that overthrew King Farouk and marked the end of the British colonial rule. Though Farouk's infant son was formally declared by the revolutionaries as King Fuad II, all effective executive power was vested in Naguib and the Revolutionary Command Council. On 18 June 1953, just under a year after the coup d'état, the Council abolished the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and declared Egypt a republic, with Mohamed Naguib as president. At this point, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty was over in all but name, having effectively lost power when the British assumed colonial rule over Egypt in the late 19th century. Hence, Naguib's presidency marked the beginning of Egypt's independence as a state after a recent history of consistent occupying forces.[2]

President [ personal info about him]
Under the system created by the 1980, 2003 and 2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution, the President is the pre-eminent executive figure, who names the Prime Minister of Egypt as well as appoints the Cabinet per the latter's recommendation, while in reality, was the head of both the state and of the government, aside from being the top foreign policy maker and holding supreme command over the military. During martial law, the President also anoints deans of faculties and majors, and can also enlist or oust people in the private sector. The President then also has the power to issue regulations for the enforcement of laws, ensuring proper public services, etc., which have been transferred to the Prime Minister under the 2012 and 2014 Constitutions.[citation needed] Egypt had been under martial law since 1981.[citation needed] After the Egyptian revolution in 2011 that ousted the 30-year regime of then President Hosni Mubarak, the martial law was temporarily suspended.

Qualifications for the candidates
The supreme body of the Wafd Party took a binding decision by nominating a candidate in the presidential election in 2022,” Parliamentarian Sulaiman Wahdan, House of Representatives speaker deputy, told CBC Extra channel on Friday evening, following the press conference.
“Any political party has to have a candidate to seek power,” he said.
The party’s decision came following a state of division among the party members during the 2018 presidential election. On January 25, some members of al-Wafd party named the former chairperson El Sayyid el-Badawi for the 2018 presidential election, which ended last week with President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi winning.

Manner of election ,term of office
Section 1. Elected officers of the Section shall serve for a term of one year beginning on January 1 or until their successors are elected. At the end of the Chair-Elect’s term of office, the Chair-Elect shall succeed to the office of Chair. Officers, Councilors, and Alternate Councilors shall be elected by a ballot of those eligible to vote.
Section 2. In September of each year, the Nominating Committee shall report to the membership its nominations for each office to be filled. Prior to October 15, any member of the Section may, in writing or from the floor at a meeting, nominate additional candidates for office, if the nomination is seconded by another member. Nominations so made shall be equally valid as those from the Nominating Committee. All candidates nominated shall have indicated willingness to serve if elected.
Section 3. The candidates for each office shall be listed in an order to be selected by lot on a ballot to be distributed to each member of the Section by November 1. A paper ballot will be mailed to any member who requests it.

Functions about the president
The president is expected to perform a number of duties as part of the office. While the Constitution mentions several of these duties, others have evolved over time. How a president carries out these functions depends on his personality, as well as on his view of the presidency and the role of government. For example, the State of the Union was not delivered as a speech until the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.Modern presidents usually take a leadership approach to their job. They consider themselves representatives of all the people, put in place to pursue a political agenda by using their inherent powers.
Scholars usually praise presidents who follow this model, because it results in ambitious policy programs that (for good or ill) leave a strong mark on American government. Of course, when presidents view themselves as policymakers,

Termination of his office
The relation between an employer and an employee in Egypt is organized by the Labor Law No. 12 for 2003. This law organizes the full relation between the employee and the workplace and one of the main obstacles and issues that always appear in the front lines is the employment termination.
Cases in which an employee be terminated from work
Article 69 discusses cases that the employee be terminated from work and its stated that the employee shall not be terminated except if he/she permitted a serious error in work and they are:
If it is established that the worker has assumed a false identity or submitted false documents;
If it is established that the worker has committed an error resulting in serious damages to the employer, providing the employer shall notify the event to the competent authorities within twenty-four hours from the time he learns of its occurrence;

Legisative power
The Islamist-dominated upper house of the Egyptian parliament, the Shura Council, currently endowed with legislative powers, is not expected to be dissolved any time soon in spite of the High Constitutional Court (HCC) ruling Sunday that some articles of the law regulating the election of the council violated the constitution.
According to the HCC, "although the articles ruled unconstitutional entails that Shura Council be invalidated completely, Article 230 of the constitution passed in December 2012 made the (Shura) Council immune to dissolution and granted it legislative powers until a House of Representatives is elected."

parliament
The parliament is made up of 596 seats, with 448 seats elected through the individual candidacy system, 120 elected through winner-take-all party lists (with quotas for youth, women, Christians, and workers) and 28 selected by the president.[4] It is the fifth-largest legislative chamber in the world behind the National People's Congress and the largest parliamentary body in the Arab world. Parliamentary life began in Egypt as early as 1866, and since then several forms of national assemblies have been formed, dismantled, and amended to reach the present-day form. Since 1866, Egypt witnessed seven parliamentary systems whose legislative and reflected the history of the Egyptian people's struggle to establish a society based on democracy and freedom.

Qualifications for the candidates
he 2005 presidential elections were allegedly the first contested elections in Egypt’s history. Mubarak won a fifth consecutive six-year term in office, with official results showing he won 88.6 percent of the vote while total voter turnout remained at 22 percent. Mubarak’s “victory at the polls” was evaluated by the United States as follows:
“Egypt’s presidential election represents one step in the march towards the full democracy that the Egyptian people desire and deserve,” former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice declared in a statement. She even went further and claimed that “the process that culminated in the Sep.

Manner Of Formation/election
sentiments of injustice, The Early Formations of the Egyptian Army and Ideas of Nationhood
The Pasha’s army was above all crucial for the rise of the modern nationstate of Egypt by introducing practices that together changed the nature of the Egyptian state and its relationship to its ‘citizens’ and completely transformed the very fabric of Egyptian society. By catching its deserters, punishing its criminals, educating its youth, vaccinating its children, silencing its women, interning its insane, and by doing all this in a subtle, ‘humane’ and ‘rational’ manner ... this is how the Egyptian nation came into being in modern times. (K. Fahmy 2002, p. 31
Khaled Fahmy argues that ‘the Pasha inadvertently helped to homogenize the experience of these thousands of Egyptians in a manner that was crucial in the founding of their “imagined community”’ through ‘[t]he deeply felt

Functions of legislative power
After the bill is passed by both Houses, it is sent to the Governor for his assent.
The Governor can send back the bill for reconsideration.
When this bill is passed again by the Legislature, the Governor has to give his assent.
The Governor can issue an Ordinance on the State subjects when the legislature is not in session.
The Ordinances have the force of law.
The Ordinances issued are laid before the State Legislature when it reassembles.
It ceases to be in operation after the expiry of six weeks unless rejected by the Legislature earlier.
The Legislature passes a regular bill, to become a law, to replace the ordinance.
This is usually done within six weeks after reassembly of Legislature.

Executive Power
Roll said that Morsi has also been strengthened by the successful conclusion of loan negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Furthermore, the Egyptian president managed to establish closer ties to the armed forces in recent weeks. Morsi has granted the military the right to mobilize the armed forces and to intervene in the jurisdiction of the military courts, Roll said.
The Middle East expert believes that these developments were the consequence of behind-the-scenes discussions between Morsi and the armed forces. In exchange, the Egyptian president does not have to fear any resistance from the military.
But the political opposition is resisting, with thousands having taken to the streets on Friday. In many cities, the offices of the Muslim Brotherhood were set on fire while the opposition and Morsi supporters clashed with each other.

government [counsil of ministers ]
The aim is to extend congregated services to citizens regardless of their location or proximity to governmental service provider bodies. This concept will eliminate the need for physical location in governmental offices whenever essential services are required.
Timely and efficient delivery Services will be Provided to citizens, companies, and investors in a way that satisfies their expectations- and within a convenient time framework. This will be achieved through upgrading governmental procedures, omitting unnecessary tasks, eliminating obstacles, and providing services for longer hours, and during weekends.
More Productivity/ quality performance The target of efficent service provision can be achieved through restructuring services dynamically to meet citizens' expectations, and personalizing delivery to each reciepent’s demands.

Functions of executive power
In the wake of Egypt's historic presidential elections, the distribution of power in the country remains up in the air. Just who does what, exactly?
On Sunday, June 24, Egypt declared Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi the winner of the country's first free presidential elections. Yet as Morsi took office on Monday, it remained unclear how much power the newly elected president would be able to consolidate. Only days before the final vote, Egypt's top court dissolved parliament and the Supreme Council for the Armed Forces amended the constitution, claiming much of the country's legislative and executive powers.
As the dust settles following election chaos, HuffPost examines how power is distributed in Egypt's new government.
THE PRESIDENT According to the constitution, the president will head the government and appoint a cabinet.

Judicial power
Egypt was among the first countries in the world after France to establish a judicial institution. The beginning was in 1875 with the enactment of the modern codification under which the Mixed Courts were established.
The Egyptian judicial institution that existed in the mid 19th century was characterized by the following:
Courts at that time were not entirely national, but rather there were courts for foreigners known as "consular courts".
The judicial authority at that time was not the only authority entrusted with giving rulings on disputes, but rather there was another system that had enabled members of the executive authority to issue rulings in certain cases.
Abandonment of the unified judicial system that had existed since the Ottoman rule of Egypt.
During the Ottoman era, the judiciary power was undertaken by one person known as the Chief Justice, who was assisted by four deputies representing the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence; Hanafi, Shafie, Maleki and Hanbali