Complex sentences – сложноподчиненные предложения

Complex sentences – сложноподчиненные предложения
Complex sentence
Main clause
Subordinate clause
main clause - главное предложение
subordinate clause - придаточное предложение

Types of complex sentences
And many types of adverbial clauses, which include
Noun clauses, Relative clauses, Predicative clauses, Adverbial clauses
Time clauses
Clauses of place
Conditional clauses
Clauses of purpose
Clauses of concession
Clauses of manner
Clauses of result
Clauses of reason
Clauses of comparison
Concession – уступка
Comparison - сравнение

Predicative clauses perform a function of a predicative
What is a predicative?
A predicative is a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate – предикатив - это именная часть составного сказуемого.
For example:
The sales increase is not feasible so far.
IS NOT FEASIBLE – is a compound nominal predicate – where FEASIBLE is a nominal part or a predicative.
The sales increase is not feasible so far.
IS NOT FEASIBLE – is a compound nominal predicate – where FEASIBLE is a nominal part or a predicative.
The sales increase is not feasible so far.
IS NOT FEASIBLE – is a compound nominal predicate – where FEASIBLE is a nominal part or a predicative.

How is a predicative clause constructed?
Our decision is that the merger with Computer Solutions Corporation (CSC) is impossible. – Наше решение состоит в том, что слияние с компанией CSC не возможно.
The principal clause – our decision is, where
Is presents a link verb of a compound nominal predicate.
And the predicative is
That the merger is impossible – which constitutes a predicative clause

How is the predicative clause connected with the principal clause?
It seems as if risk management is moving up the corporate agenda.
The issue to be settled on now is whether we should consult the Manpower, one of the most influential temporary employment agencies.
Conjunctions - союзы
As if
That
Whether
If

Other ways of joining the main clause
and the predicative clause
The question was how the shareholders were to be informed about the changing of the time of the annual meeting.
The directorial board had to decide who would
be responsible for our joining the program of effective management
That is why IKEA has always been able to maintain its popularity among consumers
conjunctive pronouns
which , who, what
conjunctive adverbs
where, when, how, why

The asyndetical way of linking the main
and the predicative clauses
Asyndetical way of connection - бессоюзная связь
Another reason for launching a new range of packaging was…. that the recent research showed an ongoing interest in environmentally friendly materials.
NOTE! - The clauses usually are not separated by the comma.

Clauses of time

The ways of connection of the time clause
with the main one
While central banks are implementing monetary policy of the government, microfinancial institutions lend money to people in developing countries for small business development.
Conjunctions:
when, while, whenever, as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now then (теперь, когда)
conjunctions When, while, whenever, as, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, after, before, now then (теперь, когда)

Clauses of purpose
We decided to make a deal with CASENOVE, a small British investment bank, so that we can ensure high quality of annual shareholder revenue analysis.
Conjunctions
as to
so that
so as to
in order that

Clauses of concession – придаточные уступительные
Conjunctions: despite the fact that, in spite of, although, though, even though, even if, while, whereas, except that
We are still planning to enter the Asian market despite the fact that we do not have distributors in some countries.

Clauses of manner- придаточные образа действия
Why does the sales manager act as if he is the only person who understands what marketing is all about?
The staff of our newly opened office participate in team management course so well as though they have been a part of our company for ages.
Conjunctions
as though
just as
as mush as
as if
as

Clauses of manner – some remarks
In case we speak about an unreal situation – we use
past tenses
The representatives of NASDA, the Japanese space agency, are performing various tests with different kinds of fuel as though they discovered an absolutely new one.
Our new computer engineer looks so exhausted, as if he were/was suffering from infoglut.

Clauses of result
We have received a lot of complaints, so we are allowing the customers to exchange their products for new ones.
This version of a computer game is such a success that some shops are already out of stock
Conjunctions are – so that, as a result of which
So + adjective or such +noun

Clauses of reason
The clauses are linked with the help of:
The study revealed that the majority of staff complained of poor relations with managers, because they are authoritative and inflexible
because
as
in case
since

Clauses of comparison
Conjunctions are:
that, as, as…as, not so..as, as if, as though
The representatives of the Welsh branch were so eager to join the computer courses as though they have never participated in such activity.

Asyndetical connection of clauses
I wish you had paid more attention to the details of the financial part of your business plan.
The primary role of HR department is to ensure the labor force diversity and well being of the staff; HR also has to be in charge of performance evaluation schemes and career management.
Asyndetically = NO conjunction or connector

And as a conclusion…
Complex sentences consist of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Clauses in a complex sentences can be linked syndetically (by means of different connectives) and asyndetically (without connectives)
According to their grammatical function we distinguish different types of subordinate clauses.
In Russian and English we have different rules of punctuation ( e.g. noun clauses, predicative clauses, defining relative clauses are not separated by a comma)