English Tenses

PRESENT
PERFECT

Present Perfect - это действие, которое завершилось к моменту речи и его результат имеет значение в настоящий момент.
I have cooked dinner. Let's eat.
have/has+V3
1)Могут использоваться указатели времени:
today, this week/month/year,
this morning/afternoon/evening,

2. Наречия, у которых размыты рамки времени и частотности.
I have just heard something. Have you?
Могут употребляться наречия:
already уже never никогда
lately недавно ever когда-либо
just только что seldom редко
by now к этому времени often часто
up to now до сих пор
yet ещё
so far к данному моменту, пока

You already (play) enough. Get back into the den!
You have already played enough. Get back into the den!
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The tea is hot. I just (boil) the water.
The tea is hot. I have just boiled the water.
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PRESENT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Continuous - это действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось в течение некоторого времени и либо закончилось непосредственно перед разговором или все еще продолжается в момент разговора.
I have been waiting here for 2 hours!
have/has+been+Ving
We have been preparing for our exam since morning.

Present Perfect Continuous
Утвердительные предложения:
I have been playing We have been playing
You have been playing You have been playing
He / she / it has been playing They have been playing
Вопросительные предложения:
Have I been playing? Have we been playing?
Have you been playing? Have you been playing?
Has he / she / it been playing? Have they been playing?
Отрицательные предложения:
I have not been playing We have not been playing
You have not been playing You have not been playing
He / she / it has not been playing They have not been playing

Let me out! I (sit) here
since yesterday.
Let me out! I have been sitting here since yesterday.
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The birds (sing) their lovely songs since spring came.
The birds have been singing their lovely songs since spring came.
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1)Present Perfect употребляется вместо Present Perfect Continuous с глаголами, которые не употребляются в длительной форме.
глаголы, обозначающие ментальный процесс (know - знать, like - нравиться, understand - понимать, believe - верить, need - нуждаться)
глаголы, которые выражают чувства и эмоции (hear - слышать, smell - нюхать, taste - чувствовать вкус, hate - ненавидеть, want - хотеть), глаголы состояния( be-быть, have-иметь)
Colin has always needed somebody's support. Колин всегда нуждался в моральной поддержке от кого-нибудь.
Important notes

We (be) friends for
a long time.
We have been friends for
a long time.
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We (know) each other since the cat was born.
We have known each other since the cat was born.
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You already (see) the chocolate bar. Now eat
your vegetables.
You have already seen
the chocolate bar. Now eat
your vegetables.
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2) Важно помнить, что Present Perfect Continuous обычно не используется с глаголами, которые выражают одномоментные действия, например глаголы to start, to stop, to finish:
Have you finished your report?
Ты закончил отчет?

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I’m sorry. I (not finish) yet.
I’m sorry. I haven’t finished yet.
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3) Мы используем Present Perfect для описания жизненного опыта. Обычно используются слова-маркеры «never» и «ever».
I have never been to Spain. Я никогда не был в Испании.
4) C Present Perfect мы обычно используем вопрос «How much? How many?» — «Сколько?», в то время как Present Perfect Continuous отвечает на вопрос «How long?» — «Как долго?».
How many glasses of water have you drunk today?
Сколько стаканов воды ты выпил сегодня?
How long have you been staying at this hotel?
Как долго ты живешь в этом отеле?

Where is the top? I (climb) for a long time and (not to reach) the top yet.
Where is the top? I have been climbing for a long time and haven’t reached the top yet.
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I (swim) to and fro since 10 o’clock.
I have been swimming to and fro since 10 o’clock.
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Where is the basket? I (play) since 10 o’clock and (not score) a goal yet.
Where is the basket? I have been playing since 10 o’clock and haven’t scored a goal yet.
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Ex 1 Choose the best answer:
1. The firemen are outside. They (try)…………… to put out the fire for the last two hours.
2. Troy is a pilot. He (fly)……………. to many parts of the world.
3. The baby (sleep)………………. for more than 4 hours. I think I will wake her up.
4. Alex (go)……………. to Padre Island only once.
5. She (not to read)………………. a book yet.

Ex 1 Choose the best answer:
6. We all want to go home. We (ride)…………. this bus for over 5 hours.
7. The lost girls haven't been found yet. A crew of volunteers (search)……………. for them for 2 days.
8. Gabriela (study)……………… Medicine for 6 years.
9. The lecturer (speak)……………. for more than 1 hour!!! I just want him to finish!!!
10. There is a construction site behind my house. They (make)…………….. a lot of noise and it is driving us crazy!!!