Этимологические характеристики словарного состава

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Etymology of the English Word-stock

Etymology (Gr. etymon “truth” + Gr. logos “learning”)

Etymology of the English Word-stock Etymology (Gr. etymon “truth” + Gr. logos
is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of words tracing them to their earliest determinable source.

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The Origins of English Words

The Origins of English Words

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Definitions

A native word is a word which belongs to the original English

Definitions A native word is a word which belongs to the original
word stock, as known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period.
A borrowed word (a borrowing, or a loan word) is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.

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Words of Native Origin

Words of the Indo-European origin (IE)
Words of common Germanic

Words of Native Origin Words of the Indo-European origin (IE) Words of
origin
English words proper

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Words of the Indo-European origin

Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter
Parts

Words of the Indo-European origin Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter
of the human body: foot, nose, lip, heart, tooth
Animals and plants: cow, swine, goose, tree, birch, corn
The most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone
Adjectives: hard, quick, slow, red, white, new
Numerals from 1 to 100: one, two, twenty, eighty
Pronouns – personal, except they (Sc.): I, you, he; demonstrative : that; interrogative: who
Some of the most frequent verbs: bear, do, be, sit, stand

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Words of common Germanic origin

Nouns denoting parts of the human body: head,

Words of common Germanic origin Nouns denoting parts of the human body:
arm, finger
Periods of time: summer, winter, time, week
Natural phenomena: storm, rain, flood, ice, ground, sea, earth
Artefacts and materials: bridge, house, shop, room, coal, iron, lead, cloth
Animals, plants and birds: sheep, horse, fox, crow, oak, grass
Adjectives denoting colours, size and other properties: broad, dead, deaf, deep, grey, blue
Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, make, give

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Historical causes of borrowing

The Roman invasion (1st c. B.C.),
The introduction of

Historical causes of borrowing The Roman invasion (1st c. B.C.), The introduction
Christianity (7th c. A.D.),
The Danish conquests (11th – 13th c. A.D.),
The Norman conquest (1066 A.D.),
The Renaissance period (14th – 16th c. A.D.),
Direct linguistic contacts and political, economical and cultural relationship with other nations.

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The Etymology of Borrowed Words

Celtic: 5th – 6th A. D.
Latin:
1st layer: 1st c. B. C.
2nd

The Etymology of Borrowed Words Celtic: 5th – 6th A. D. Latin:
layer: 7th c. A. D. (the introduction of Christianity)
3rd layer: 14th – 16th c. (the Renaissance period)
Scandinavian: 8th – 11th c. A. D.
French:
Norman borrowings: 11th – 13th A. D.
Parisian borrowings: the Renaissance period
Greek: the Renaissance period
Italian: the Renaissance period and later
Spanish: the Renaissance period and later
Russian: the Renaissance period and later
German, Indian and other languages

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Celtic borrowings

Place names: Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, Ux (Celtic “river”, “water”);

Celtic borrowings Place names: Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, Ux (Celtic “river”, “water”);
London (Llyn “river”+ dun “a fortified hill”) - “a fortress on the hill over the river”
cradle, cross, iron, flannel, tweed, lake (C. loch)

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The earliest Latin borrowings (1st c. A.D.)

words denoting things connected with war,

The earliest Latin borrowings (1st c. A.D.) words denoting things connected with
trade, building and domestic life: pound, inch, cup, kitchen, pepper, butter, cheese, milk, wine, cherry

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Latin words borrowed into English through the Christianization of England (7th c.

Latin words borrowed into English through the Christianization of England (7th c.
A.D.)

persons, objects and ideas associated with church and religious rituals: priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle, temple, angel
words connected with learning: grammar, school, scholar, decline, master, magister

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Latin borrowings of the Renaissance period (14th – 16th c. A.D.)

abstract

Latin borrowings of the Renaissance period (14th – 16th c. A.D.) abstract
words: major, minor, filial, moderate, intelligent, permanent, to elect, to create.

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Scandinavian borrowings (8th - 11th c. A.D.)

Verbs: call, take, cast, die, want
Nouns:

Scandinavian borrowings (8th - 11th c. A.D.) Verbs: call, take, cast, die,
law, egg, husband (Sc. hūs + bōndi “inhabitant of the house”), window (Sc. vindauga “the eye of the wind”)
Adjectives: ill, loose, low, weak
Pronouns and pronominal forms: they, their, them, same, both, though.

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Scandinavian borrowings (place names)

Derby, Tremsby (-by: Sc. “village, town”);
Zinthorp, Altharp

Scandinavian borrowings (place names) Derby, Tremsby (-by: Sc. “village, town”); Zinthorp, Altharp
(-thorp: Sc. “village”);
Eastoft, Nortoft (-toft: Sc. “a plot of land covered with grass”);
Troutbeck (-beck: Sc. “brook”);
Inverness (-ness: Sc. “cape”);
Applethwait, Crossthwait (-thwait: Sc. “forest glade”)

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Norman borrowings (11th – 13th c. A.D.)

Government and administration: state, country, government,

Norman borrowings (11th – 13th c. A.D.) Government and administration: state, country,
parliament, prince, baron
Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison, jury
Religious terms: saint, sermon (проповедь), prayer, parish (приход), chapel
Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy
Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil
Artistic and literary terms: image, character, figure, volume, design
Terms of everyday life: chair, table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, breakfast

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Parisian borrowings: the Renaissance period and later

regime, routine, police, machine, ballet, matinée,

Parisian borrowings: the Renaissance period and later regime, routine, police, machine, ballet,
scene, technique, bourgeois, etc.

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The Renaissance period borrowings (14th – 16th c. A.D.)

Italian: piano, violin, opera,

The Renaissance period borrowings (14th – 16th c. A.D.) Italian: piano, violin,
alarm, colonel
Spanish: potato, tomato, cargo, banana, cocoa
Greek: direct (e.g. atom, cycle, ethics, esthete), or through Latin (datum, status, phenomenon, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music)

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Other borrowings

Japanese: karate, judo, hara-kiri, kimono, tycoon
Arabic: algebra, algorithm, fakir, giraffe, sultan
Turkish:

Other borrowings Japanese: karate, judo, hara-kiri, kimono, tycoon Arabic: algebra, algorithm, fakir,
yogurt, kiosk, tulip
Persian: caravan, shawl, bazaar, sherbet
Eskimo: kayak, igloo, anorak
Amerindian languages: toboggan, wigwam, opossum
Russian: bistro, tsar, balalaika, tundra, sputnik

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Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed

Borrowings proper
Translation borrowings

Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed Borrowings proper
(translation loans)
Semantic borrowings

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Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed

Translation borrowings (translation

Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed Translation borrowings
loans) are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of literal morpheme-for-morpheme translation.
E. g. masterpiece < Germ. Meisterstück; Wonder child < Germ. Wunderkind; wall newspaper < Rus. стенная газета; collective farm < Rus. колхоз.

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Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed

Semantic borrowing is

Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed Semantic borrowing
understood as the development in an English word of a new meaning under the influence of a related word in another language.
E. g. Eng. pioneer ‘explorer’, ‘one who is among the first in new fields of activity’:: Rus. пионер ‘a member of the Young Pioneers’ Organization’.
reaction, deviation, bureau

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International words

“Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a

International words “Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as
result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source” (I. A. Arnold)
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