Modal verbs

Модальные глаголы не выражают действие,
а отношение к действию
ТРИ ПРИЗНАКА МОДАЛЬНОСТИ:
для всех лиц- одинаковая форма:
I can-he can; You must-she must
2. самостоятельно строит вопрос и отрицание:
Can you help me? We mustn`t do that.
3. После модального глагола стоит СМЫСЛОВОЙ глагол без TO
I can sing a song.- I want TO sing a song.

Запрет и обязательство: must/mustn`t-can`t
1. MUST- obligation (обязательство)
You must be quiet!
2. MUSTN`T – it is forbidden (запрет)
We mustn`t be late for school!
3. CAN`T – it is not allowed (не разрешено, более мягкая форма запрета) People can`t smoke here!

MUST=HAVE TO (обязательство извне-вынужден)
HAVE TO – эквивалент модального глагола MUST
1. HAVE TO изменяется по лицам:
I have to get up at 7 o`clock. HO: He HAS to get ap at 6 o` clock.
2. В вопросе MUST меняется на HAVE TO
3. Вопрос и отрицание строится с помощью вспомогательного глагола DO/DOES:
Пример: Do you have to get up at 7?
She doesn`t have to get up at 6.

DON`T HAVE TO=NEEDN`T (модальный глагол)
(нет необходимости)
Отрицательная форма HAVE TO – DON`T HAVE TO/DOESN`T HAVE TO
Выражает отсутствие НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ
Don`t/doesn`t have to = needn`t (МОДАЛЬНЫЙ)
ПРИМЕРЫ:
You don`t have to wash the dishes, I will do it for you=You needn`t wash the dishes.
He doesn`t have to wear school uniform, but he can if he wants=He needn`t wear school uniform.

Should/ ought to (advice)
You should visit your grandma – she doesn`t feel well.
The customers ought to sign the documents before opening an account. (more formal)

Present Perfect Continuous: акцент на ДЛИТЕЛЬНОСТИ действия
HAVE/HAS BEEN – V-ing (V-verb)
We have been learning English since 2009/for 10 years
Have you been learning English long?
He has been playing football since his childhood.
He hasn`t been playing hockey for 2 years.

Present perfect Simple /Present perfect Continuous
HAVE/HAS + V3/Ved
I have already fixed the computer (результат)
He has read this book.
We have run 3 kilometers.
HAVE/HAS BEEN Ving
I have been fixing the computer for 2 hours (длительность)
He has been reading this book for 3 weeks.
We have been running since morning.