Respiration Module

Содержание

Слайд 2

Blood gas carriage

blood carries oxygen to tissues
carbon dioxide away from tissues

Blood gas carriage blood carries oxygen to tissues carbon dioxide away from tissues

Слайд 3

Oxygen transport

oxygen is not very soluble in water
at pO2 of 13.3 kPa

Oxygen transport oxygen is not very soluble in water at pO2 of
it dissolves 0.13 mmol.l-1
at rest we need 12 mmol oxygen per minute
which is contained in 92l

Слайд 4

Oxygen transport

even if all the oxygen could be extracted
cardiac output would have

Oxygen transport even if all the oxygen could be extracted cardiac output
to be impossibly high
need a chemical reaction to transport more per litre of blood

Слайд 5

Oxygen binding

many substances will react chemically with oxygen
so getting it into the

Oxygen binding many substances will react chemically with oxygen so getting it
blood is not a problem
getting it out again is the trouble
need a very reversible reaction

Слайд 6

Respiratory pigments

a number of pigments bind oxygen reversibly
oxygen combines reversibly with Haem
oxygenation

Respiratory pigments a number of pigments bind oxygen reversibly oxygen combines reversibly
not oxidation

Слайд 7

Dissociation curves

the reversibility of oxygen binding is represented by a dissociation curve
plot

Dissociation curves the reversibility of oxygen binding is represented by a dissociation
of amount O2 bound vs pO2
total content then bound + dissolved

Partial Pressure (kPa)

Oxygen Bound (mmol)

Saturation

Dissolved O2

Bound O2

Myoglobin

Слайд 8

Dissociation curves

chemical binding saturates above a given pO2
the amount of oxygen bound

Dissociation curves chemical binding saturates above a given pO2 the amount of
then depends on how much pigment
so dissociation curves normally expressed as percentage of amount of oxygen bound at saturation
and are independent of pigment concentration

Слайд 9

Using dissociation curves

tells you how much oxygen will be bound or given

Using dissociation curves tells you how much oxygen will be bound or
up
when blood is moved from one pO2 to another

Partial Pressure (kPa)

Saturation (%)

Saturation

Dissolved O2

Myoglobin

100%

B

A

A

B

Given Up

Слайд 10

Using dissociation curves

work out the difference in fractional saturations
between the two pO2‘s
and

Using dissociation curves work out the difference in fractional saturations between the
multiply it by the amount bound at full saturation
to tell you how much oxygen is taken or given up

Слайд 11

Haemoglobin

a tetramer - 2 alpha & 2 beta subunits
each subunit has one

Haemoglobin a tetramer - 2 alpha & 2 beta subunits each subunit
haem + globin
overall molecule has variable quaternary structure

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The moods of Haemoglobin

the molecule may be tense
or relaxed

The moods of Haemoglobin the molecule may be tense or relaxed

Слайд 13

The moods of Haemoglobin

relaxed haemoglobin
is laid back and
loves to bind oxygen

The moods of Haemoglobin relaxed haemoglobin is laid back and loves to bind oxygen

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The moods of Haemoglobin

tense haemoglobin
is uptight
and does not bind oxygen well

The moods of Haemoglobin tense haemoglobin is uptight and does not bind oxygen well

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The moods of Haemoglobin

haemoglobin gets anxious
when pO2 is low
so it is hard

The moods of Haemoglobin haemoglobin gets anxious when pO2 is low so
to bind the first oxygen
as most molecules are in the tense form

Слайд 16

The moods of Haemoglobin

as oxygen binds haemoglobin
feels better and relaxes
so binding the

The moods of Haemoglobin as oxygen binds haemoglobin feels better and relaxes
next oxygen is much easier
as many more molecules relax

Слайд 17

Haemoglobin dissociation curve

initially the relationship between pO2 and binding is shallow
but binding

Haemoglobin dissociation curve initially the relationship between pO2 and binding is shallow
facilitates further binding
so the curve steepens rapidly as pO2 rises
until saturation
a sigmoid curve

pO2

3.5

10

Saturation (%)

50

100

Слайд 18

Haemoglobin dissociation curve

haemoglobin saturated above 8.5 kPa
virtually unsaturated below 1 kPa
half saturated

Haemoglobin dissociation curve haemoglobin saturated above 8.5 kPa virtually unsaturated below 1
at 3.5-4 kPa
so saturation changes greatly over narrow range of pO2
highly reversible reaction

Слайд 19

Haemoglobin in the lungs

alveolar pO2 13.3 kPa
so Hb well saturated
Hb in normal

Haemoglobin in the lungs alveolar pO2 13.3 kPa so Hb well saturated
blood 2.2 mmol.l-1
each molecule binds 4 oxygen
so oxygen content 8.8 mmol.l-1

Слайд 20

Haemoglobin in the tissues

tissue pO2 varies, but typically 5 Kpa
haemoglobin now about

Haemoglobin in the tissues tissue pO2 varies, but typically 5 Kpa haemoglobin
65% saturated
change in binding = 100 - 65%
oxygen given up 8.8 x 0.35 mmol.l-1
c 3 mmol.l-1

pO2

Saturation (%)

50

100

Lungs

Tissues

Given up

Слайд 21

Haemoglobin in venous blood

still has over half its oxygen bound
so tissues could

Haemoglobin in venous blood still has over half its oxygen bound so
remove more
how?

Слайд 22

Tissue pO2

if lower more oxygen will be given up
how low can it

Tissue pO2 if lower more oxygen will be given up how low can it get?
get?

Слайд 23

Tissue pO2

must be high enough to drive oxygen out to cells
cannot fall

Tissue pO2 must be high enough to drive oxygen out to cells
below 3 kPa in most tissues
the higher the capillary density the lower it can fall (cf heart muscle)

Слайд 24

Getting more oxygen off Hb

the mood of haemoglobin also depends on pH
the

Getting more oxygen off Hb the mood of haemoglobin also depends on
molecule is more relaxed in alkaline conditions
and more tense in acid

pO2

Saturation (%)

50

100

Lungs

Tissues

Given up

Bohr Shift

Alkaline

Acid

Слайд 25

The Bohr shift

in acid conditions the dissociation curve shifts along the pO2

The Bohr shift in acid conditions the dissociation curve shifts along the
axis
so that at any pO2 Hb binds less oxygen

Слайд 26

In the tissues

pH is lower
so extra oxygen given up
higher temperature has similar

In the tissues pH is lower so extra oxygen given up higher
effect

pO2

Saturation (%)

50

100

Lungs

Tissues

Given up

Bohr Shift

Alkaline

Acid

Слайд 27

Maximum unloading

in tissues where pO2 can fall low
conditions are acid and warm
about

Maximum unloading in tissues where pO2 can fall low conditions are acid
70% of bound oxygen is given up
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