Stylistic devices

Stylistic Devices
Phono-graphical
Lexical
Syntactical
Lexico-sytactical

PHONO-GRAPHICAL LEVEL
Phonetic means
Craphon
Graphical means

Phonetic means
Onomatopoeia - the use of words whose sounds imitate those of the signified object or action
e.g “hiss", "bowwow", "murmur", "bump", "grumble“, “growl”

Alliteration –the repetition of consonants
e.g. He swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp and a grin.
Assonance -the repetition of similar vowels
e.g. brain drain

Morphemic repetition
Repetition of root or affixes
e.g. He is nobody from nowhere and knows nothing.
e.g. She unchained, unbolted and unlocked the door.

Craphon
intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) e.g. "gimme" (give me), "lemme" (let me), "gonna" (going to), "gotta" (got to), "coupla" (couple of), "mighta" (might have), "willya" (will you)

Graphical Means
changes of the type (italics, capitalization), spacing of graphemes (hyphenation, multiplication) and of lines
e.g. "Help. Help. HELP."

Lexical Stylistic Devices
Metaphor
Metonymy.
Synecdoche
Play on Words.
Irony
Epithet
Hyperbole
Understatement
Oxymoron

Metaphor
transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects
e.g. He is a walking dictionary.
trite, hackneyed, stale ("leg of a table" )
fresh, original, genuine
sustained (prolonged) metaphor (through the text)

Personification
Qualities of animate objects are attributed to inanimate objects
e.g. The sun is smiling at us.
e.g. He turned over another page of his life

Metonymy.
The whole object is named by its part
e.g. There is no news from Downing Street, 10 yet.

Synecdoche
type of metonymy: is based on the relations between a part and the whole
e.g. I need more hands down here.

Play on Words / Pun
one word-form is deliberately used in two meanings.
e.g. The Importance of Being Ernest.
e.g. A committee is a group that keeps minutes and wastes hours.
e.g. Work is a four-letter word.

Play on Words
Zeugma - deliberately use of two or more homogeneous members, which are not connected semantically:
e.g. "He took his hat and his leave”.
e.g. Он с легкостью разбивал кирпичи и женские сердца.
e.g. Она лишилась своих денег и веры в правосудие.

Antonomasia
a proper name is used instead of a common noun or vice versa
e.g. Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air
e.g. Now let me introduce you - that's Mr. What's-his-name, you remember him, don't you?

SYNTACTICAL LEVEL
Sentence length and structure
Syntactical SDs

Syntactical SDs
rhetorical question
e.g. Who would like to go to the contaminated area?

Inversion
e.g. And here emerged another problem
e.g. Ten days and ten nights did they stay on hunger strike.

REPETITION
anaphora: the beginning of two or more successive sentences (clauses) is repeated - a..., a..., a...
e.g. Mother was a cook, mother was a teacher, mother was a referee, mother was a mother.
epiphora: the end of successive sentences (clauses) is repeated -...a, ...a, ...a.
e.g. Kate was there, Mick was there, Mrs Harley was there – and none of them could explain what they saw.

Lexico-Syntactical Stylistic Devices
Antithesis
Climax
Anticlimax
Simile
Litotes
Periphrasis