Слайд 2The Phonological Analysis of English Speech Sounds
In connected speech a sound is
![The Phonological Analysis of English Speech Sounds In connected speech a sound](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-1.jpg)
generally modified
1) by the neighbouring sounds;
2) by its position in a word or a phrase;
3) by prosodic features: stress, melody, the tempo of speech
Слайд 3Methods of phonological analysis
The rules to determine the phonemic status of a
![Methods of phonological analysis The rules to determine the phonemic status of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-2.jpg)
sound of a complex nature :
A phoneme is indivisible as no syllable division can occur within it.
A phoneme is produced by one articulatory effort.
The duration of a phoneme should not exceed that of other phonemes in the language.
Слайд 4Modifications of phonemes in speech
Variation
idiolectal diaphonic allophonic
reduction elision
accommodation
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Variation idiolectal diaphonic allophonic reduction elision accommodation assimilation](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-3.jpg)
assimilation
Слайд 5Modifications of phonemes in speech
Idiolectal variation embraces the individual peculiarities of articulating
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Idiolectal variation embraces the individual peculiarities of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-4.jpg)
sounds. For instance, the speaker may mumble, or lisp (say ‘thish ish’ for ‘this is’), or stutter (say a f-f-f-fine d-d-d-day)/
Idiolectal variation may cause a lot of difficulties in the communication.
Слайд 6Modifications of phonemes in speech
Diaphonic variation is caused by concrete historical tendencies
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Diaphonic variation is caused by concrete historical](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-5.jpg)
active in certain localities.
E.g., the diaphonic variation of the sound /æ/ ranges from a front open /æ/ in the southern part of England to /ɑ:/ in Northern England.
Слайд 7Modifications of phonemes in speech
Allophonic variation is conditioned by phonetic position and
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Allophonic variation is conditioned by phonetic position](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-6.jpg)
phonetic environment (the influence of the neighbouring sounds).
The main types of allophonic variations are reduction, elision, assimilation and accommodation (or adaptation).
Слайд 8Modifications of phonemes in speech
Reduction – the weakening of articulation and shortening
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Reduction – the weakening of articulation and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-7.jpg)
of the duration of unstressed vowels
Reduction
qualitative quantitative zero
can /kən/ she /∫i/ can /kn/
Слайд 9Modifications of phonemes in speech
In qualitative reduction the unstressed vowel is usually
![Modifications of phonemes in speech In qualitative reduction the unstressed vowel is](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-8.jpg)
reduced to /ə/.
In quantitative reduction the unstressed vowel is shortened.
In zero reduction the unstressed vowel is dropped.
Слайд 10Modifications of phonemes in speech
Elision – the disappearance of a sound
Elision
historical
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Elision – the disappearance of a sound](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-9.jpg)
juxtapositional
(contemporary)
know /nəu/ a blind man /ə blain mæn/
palm /pα:m/ sit down /si daun/
Слайд 11Modifications of phonemes in speech
Historical elision reflects the process in which a
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Historical elision reflects the process in which](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-10.jpg)
sound that existed in an earlier form of a word was omitted in its later form (e.g. cupboard).
In juxtapositional elision a sound that exists in a word pronounced by itself is dropped in connected speech (especially in rapid speech).
Слайд 12Modifications of phonemes in speech
Assimilation – the process by which a sound
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Assimilation – the process by which a](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-11.jpg)
is altered through the influence of a neighbouring sound.
Слайд 13Modifications of phonemes in speech
Assimilation may influence:
the work of the vocal cords
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Assimilation may influence: the work of the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-12.jpg)
(voice assimilation);
the active organ of speech;
the manner of noise production (loss of plosion or incomplete plosion);
the place of articulation (in trip alveolar /t/ becomes post-alveolar).
Слайд 14Modifications of phonemes in speech
Voice assimilation is observed when one of the
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Voice assimilation is observed when one of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-13.jpg)
two adjacent [ə̍ʤeɪs(ə)nt] (смежный, соседний) consonants becomes voiced under the influence of the neighbouring voiced consonant, or voiceless - under the influence of the voiced consonant. E.g.:
translate [trənz ˈleɪt], I shoud pay [aɪ ʃt ˎpeɪ].
Слайд 15Modifications of phonemes in speech
The active organ of speech may be affected
![Modifications of phonemes in speech The active organ of speech may be](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-14.jpg)
in a careless rapid speech, e.g.:
Give me /ˎgɪm mɪ/;
bad pain /̍bæb ˎpeɪn/;
queen mother /̍kwi:m ˎmʌðə/.
Слайд 16Modifications of phonemes in speech
Assimilation
(according to direction)
progressive regressive double
(bidirectional)
desks /desks at
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Assimilation (according to direction) progressive regressive double](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-15.jpg)
the desk /ət ðə/ twice /twais/
bags /bægz/ ( /t/-dental ) /dj/ > /dʒ/ education
happen /hæpm/ good bye /gub bai/ /tj/ > /t∫/ situation
give me /gim mi/ /sj/ > /∫/ issue
Слайд 17Modifications of phonemes in speech
Accommodation (adaptation) – the process of adapting the
![Modifications of phonemes in speech Accommodation (adaptation) – the process of adapting](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/1077121/slide-16.jpg)
articulation of a vowel to a consonant, or a consonant to a vowel.
Vowels:
nasalization: [tẽn]
shortening: cease [si·s]
Consonants:
palatalization: / ∫, ʒ, t∫ ∫, dʒ/ shirt, cheese, June
labialization: Compare /t/ in tea and two