Abstract and keywords

Annotation
Annotation is an essential skill that lets us make the most out of reading. When annotating, one inspects a text they read with a critical eye and makes useful notes. An annotated article helps better understand the material, can become a part of academic research, and make the process of preparing for tests easier.
Аннотирование - это важный навык, который позволяет нам извлечь максимальную пользу из чтения. При аннотировании человек критически осматривает прочитанный текст и делает полезные заметки. Аннотированная статья помогает лучше понять материал, может стать частью академических исследований и облегчить процесс подготовки к тестам.

What Is Annotating an Article?
Annotation is a strategy of active reading. It means that while reading a text, you add notes to it, make your comments, explanations, opinions, questions or associations. The skill1 of annotation may take some practice but offers a better understanding of complicated materials2 and helps easily and quickly find important information when reviewing3. While making notes, you become familiar not only with the content4 of an article but also with its organization.
Аннотация - это стратегия активного чтения. Это означает, что, читая текст, вы добавляете к нему примечания, делаете свои комментарии, объяснения, мнения, вопросы или ассоциации. Навык1 аннотирования может потребовать некоторой практики, но он позволяет лучше понимать сложные материалы2 и помогает легко и быстро находить важную информацию при рецензировании3. Делая заметки, вы знакомитесь не только с содержанием4 статьи, но и с ее организацией.

A properly annotated article accomplishes 1 the following: clearly identifies2 the location of important information; expresses3 all main ideas; traces4 how the arguments or ideas develop throughout the text; introduces reactions and thoughts of the reader.
Правильно аннотированная статья обеспечивает1 следующее: четко определяет2 местоположение важной информации; выражает3 все основные идеи; прослеживает4, как аргументы или идеи развиваются на протяжении всего текста; знакомит с реакциями и мыслями читателя.

ANNOTATION PLAN
The title of the article.

The author of the article, where and when the article was published.

The main idea of the article.

The contents of the article. Some facts, names, figures.
The author starts by telling (the reader) that…
The author (of the article) writes (reports, states, stresses, thinks, notes, considers, believes, analyses, points out, says, describes) that… / draws reader’s attention to...
Much attention is given to…
According to the article…
The article goes on to say that…
It is reported (shown, stressed) that …
It is spoken in detail about…

From what the author says it becomes clear that…
The fact that … is stressed.
The article gives a detailed analysis of…
Further the author reports (writes, states, stresses, thinks, notes, considers, believes, analyses, points out, says, describes) that… / draws reader’s attention to...
In conclusion the author writes (reports, states, stresses, thinks, notes, considers, believes, analyses, points out, says, describes) that… / draws reader’s attention to...
The author comes to the conclusion that…
The following conclusions are drawn: …

Your opinion

The article deals with … В статье рассматриваются...
The paper is concerned with… Статья посвящена...
It is known that… Известно, что...
It should be noted about… Следует упомянутьо...
A mention should be made about… Следует упомянутьо...
It is reported that… Сообщается, что...
The text gives valuable information on…Текст дает ценную информацию о ...
Much attention is given to… Большое внимание уделяется ...
It is shown that… Показано, что...
The main idea of the article is… Основная идея статьи заключается...
It gives a detailed analysis of… Это дает подробный анализ...
It draws our attention to… Это обращает наше внимание на...
The article is of interest to… Статья представляет интерес для ...

KEYWORDS
Read through your paper and highlight any key terms or phrases that are most relevant to the focus of your work.
Draw up a shortlist.
Try searching with your keywords to make sure the results fit with your article and so you can see how useful they would be to others.
Narrow down your keywords to make sure they are as accurate as possible.
Review your final list and ask yourself, will these keywords be most effective at indexing my article online?

Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant papers. If database search engines can find your journal manuscript, readers will be able to find it too. This will increase the number of people reading your manuscript, and likely lead to more citations.
However, to be effective, Keywords must be chosen carefully. They should:
Represent the content of your manuscript
Be specific to your field or sub-field

An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a dissertation or research paper). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research so that readers know exactly what the paper is about.
Write the abstract at the very end, when you’ve completed the rest of the text. There are four things you need to include:
Your research problem and objectives
Your methods
Your key results or arguments
Your conclusion
An abstract is usually around 150–300 words, but there’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check the requirements of the university or journal.
In a dissertation or thesis, include the abstract on a separate page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents.

: https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4_writingskills/writing_tuts/linking_LL/linking3.html

UNIT 3 Writing an abstract (p.147)
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline. An abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.
Аннотация - это самодостаточное, краткое и мощное утверждение, описывающее большую работу. Компоненты варьируются в зависимости от предмета. Аннотация к социальной науке или научной работе может содержать объем, цель, результаты и содержание работы. Аннотация к гуманитарной работе может содержать тезис, предысторию и заключение более крупной работы. Аннотацияне является обзором и не оценивает реферативную работу. Хотя в нем содержатся ключевые слова, найденные в более крупной работе, аннотация представляет собой оригинальный документ, а не отрывок из отрывка.

When do people write abstracts?
when submitting articles to journals, especially online journals
when applying for research grants
when writing a book proposal
when completing the Ph.D. dissertation or M.A. thesis
when writing a proposal for a conference paper
when writing a proposal for a book chapter

How do I write an abstract?
The format of your abstract will depend on the work being abstracted. An abstract of a scientific research paper will contain elements not found in an abstract of a literature article, and vice versa. However, all abstracts share several mandatory components, and there are also some optional parts that you can decide to include or not. When preparing to draft your abstract, keep the following key process elements in mind:
Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger work?
Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument/thesis/claim?

Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in the larger study. Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the research.
Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way.
Implications: What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the work? How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?
http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html

№ 2
Suggested answers
What: main ideas / new findings, results, aims, methods, background
How: short, brief, clear, able to meet/satisfy/fulfill the requirements of the journal
Why: to attract readers, to make readers interested in the article, because it is the requirement of the journal, to spread knowledge, for cross-referencing and quick search