Содержание
- 2. The plan of lecture: 1. Introduction. 2. Development connection of bones. 3. Continuous connections of bones.
- 3. JOINTS Joints are part of the support and locomotion apparatus. They retain bones close to each
- 4. Synostosis and semi-joint. A — syndesmosis: 1 — interosseus membrane of forearm; В — synchondrosis: 2
- 7. They can be fibrous, cartilaginous and bony. Fibrous joints (junctura fibrosa) include sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses.
- 8. Transverse section of articular cartilage. 1 — superficial layer; 2 — cartilaginous basic substance; 3 —
- 9. The articular capsule (capsula articularis) is attached to the edges of the articular cartilage or at
- 10. Types of joints, which have additional formations.A — knee joint, right; on a horisontal section articular
- 11. The articular cavity (cavum articulare) is a closed fissure-like space confined by the articular surfaces and
- 13. AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS In embryogenesis all articulations are at first formed as continuous joints. Later,
- 14. General myology. A muscle as body. Development of muscles in ontogenesis. Classification of muscles. The auxiliary
- 15. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and, by contracting, cause them to move
- 17. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES There are several ways of classification of skeletal muscles. Muscles can be classified
- 18. Forms of muscles. A — fusiform muscle; В — unipennate muscle; С — bipennate muscle; D
- 19. Many muscles of the body are named according to their shape. Thus, / there is a
- 20. Synovial sheath of tendon. A — transverse seeflon; В — longitudinal section. 1 — fibrous sheath;
- 21. WORK OF MUSCLES The work of a muscle depends on its size, shape and structure. A
- 22. Action of muscles upon various levers. A — lever of balance; В — lever of strength;
- 23. Overcoming work is carried out when muscle contraction changes the positions of the body or its
- 24. This lever system has an advantage in power, but a disadvantage in speed. The other type
- 26. Скачать презентацию
Слайд 2The plan of lecture:
1. Introduction.
2. Development connection of bones.
3. Continuous connections of
The plan of lecture:
1. Introduction.
2. Development connection of bones.
3. Continuous connections of
![The plan of lecture: 1. Introduction. 2. Development connection of bones. 3.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-1.jpg)
4. Прерывные connections of bones - joints.
5. Симфиз.
Слайд 3 JOINTS
Joints are part of the support and locomotion apparatus. They retain
JOINTS
Joints are part of the support and locomotion apparatus. They retain
![JOINTS Joints are part of the support and locomotion apparatus. They retain](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-2.jpg)
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
All joints are subdivided into three large groups: continuous articulations, symphyses and discontinuous (synovial) joints.
Continuous articulations can be formed by different kinds of connective tissue.
Слайд 4Synostosis and semi-joint.
A — syndesmosis: 1 — interosseus membrane of forearm; В
Synostosis and semi-joint.
A — syndesmosis: 1 — interosseus membrane of forearm; В
![Synostosis and semi-joint. A — syndesmosis: 1 — interosseus membrane of forearm;](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-3.jpg)
Слайд 7They can be fibrous, cartilaginous and bony. Fibrous joints (junctura fibrosa) include
They can be fibrous, cartilaginous and bony. Fibrous joints (junctura fibrosa) include
![They can be fibrous, cartilaginous and bony. Fibrous joints (junctura fibrosa) include](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-6.jpg)
Слайд 8 Transverse section of articular cartilage.
1 — superficial layer; 2 — cartilaginous
Transverse section of articular cartilage.
1 — superficial layer; 2 — cartilaginous
![Transverse section of articular cartilage. 1 — superficial layer; 2 — cartilaginous](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-7.jpg)
Structure of joint.
1 — periosteum; 2 — bone; 3 —joint capsule; 4 — epiphysial cartilage; 5 — articular cavity.
Слайд 9The articular capsule (capsula articularis) is attached to the edges of the
The articular capsule (capsula articularis) is attached to the edges of the
![The articular capsule (capsula articularis) is attached to the edges of the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-8.jpg)
Слайд 10Types of joints, which have additional formations.A — knee joint, right; on
Types of joints, which have additional formations.A — knee joint, right; on
![Types of joints, which have additional formations.A — knee joint, right; on](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-9.jpg)
Слайд 11The articular cavity (cavum articulare) is a closed fissure-like space confined by
The articular cavity (cavum articulare) is a closed fissure-like space confined by
![The articular cavity (cavum articulare) is a closed fissure-like space confined by](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-10.jpg)
intraarticular cartilaginous plates of different shapes, which reduce or elim- s inate incongruity between articular surfaces.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS (CONTINUATION)
Joints can be classified based on their anatomy or on their biome-chanic properties. According to the anatomic classification, joints are subdivided into simple and compound (composite), depending on the number of bones involved, and into complex and combination joints. Simple joints are formed by two articular surfaces (e.g. the shoulder joint, the hip joint and many other joints). Compound joints (e.g. the radiocarpal joint, etc.) are formed by three or more articular surfaces. ; Complex joints have an articular disc or meniscus (the sternoclavicular, temporomandibular and knee joints). Combination joints are groups of articulations, which are isolated anatomically, but function simultaneously. An example of this is the temporomandibular joints. According to the biomechanic classification, joints are subdivided | into uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial, depending on the number of rotation axes they have. Uniaxial joints have one rotation axis, around which they can perform flexion and extension or abduction and adduction movements, or rotation to the outside (supination) and inside (pronation). Uniaxial articulations include hinge (elbow joint) and pivot joints (proximal and distal radioulnar articulations) (Fig.69). Biaxial joints have two axes of rotations, for example, flexion-extension and abduction-adduction. Such joints are the radiocarpal articulation (el l i p s о i d), the car-pometacarpal joint of the thumb and the atlanto-occipital joint (с о n d у l a r). Multiaxial (triaxial) joints (shoulder and hip joints) are formed by spherical articular surfaces. They can perform all types of movement: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and supination-pronation (rotation).
Слайд 13AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS
In embryogenesis all articulations are at first formed as
AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS
In embryogenesis all articulations are at first formed as
![AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS In embryogenesis all articulations are at first formed](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-12.jpg)
Слайд 14General myology. A muscle as body. Development of muscles in ontogenesis. Classification
General myology. A muscle as body. Development of muscles in ontogenesis. Classification
![General myology. A muscle as body. Development of muscles in ontogenesis. Classification](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-13.jpg)
Слайд 15THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and, by contracting, cause
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and, by contracting, cause
![THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and, by contracting,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-14.jpg)
STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES
The principle elements of the skeletal muscles are striated muscle fibers. These fibers are surrounded by loose connective tissue called en -domysium. Bundles, or fascicles, of fibers are separated from one another by connective tissue layers called perimysium, and the whole muscle is surrounded by the epimy sium (outer perimysium). Loose connective tissue found in muscles performs functions of support and demarcation between functional elements. It also holds the blood vessels, which nourish muscle fibers, and nerves. Muscle fibers form the fleshy part of the muscle called the v e n t e r, which continues into the muscle tendon. The muscle fascicles or the tendon attach to bones.
Слайд 17CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
There are several ways of classification of skeletal muscles. Muscles
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES
There are several ways of classification of skeletal muscles. Muscles
![CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES There are several ways of classification of skeletal muscles.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-16.jpg)
Muscles can be of many possible shapes (Fig. 85). Walls of the abdomen are formed by broad strap muscles. Fusiform muscles are typical for i the extremities. They attach to bones and move them like levers. Fascicles \ in a fusiform muscle are oriented parallel to its longitudinal axis. Muscles jin which fiber fascicles are situated only on one side of the tendon are /called unipennate. If they are situated on two sides, the muscle is called j bipennate. And if fascicles extend from several sides of the tendon, the 1 niUjScle is called multipennate. Some muscles have two or more heads of origin whiclvcbnnect with each other into a common venter that continues into one insertion tendon. These are named according to the number of their heads, for example, biceps, triceps, etc.
Слайд 18Forms of muscles.
A — fusiform muscle; В — unipennate muscle; С —
Forms of muscles.
A — fusiform muscle; В — unipennate muscle; С —
![Forms of muscles. A — fusiform muscle; В — unipennate muscle; С](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-17.jpg)
Слайд 19Many muscles of the body are named according to their shape. Thus,
Many muscles of the body are named according to their shape. Thus,
![Many muscles of the body are named according to their shape. Thus,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-18.jpg)
Слайд 20Synovial sheath of tendon.
A — transverse seeflon; В — longitudinal section. 1
Synovial sheath of tendon.
A — transverse seeflon; В — longitudinal section. 1
![Synovial sheath of tendon. A — transverse seeflon; В — longitudinal section.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-19.jpg)
Слайд 21WORK OF MUSCLES
The work of a muscle depends on its size, shape
WORK OF MUSCLES
The work of a muscle depends on its size, shape
![WORK OF MUSCLES The work of a muscle depends on its size,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-20.jpg)
Anatomic (continuous line) and physiologic (dot line) diameters of muscles of
various shapes. A — flat muscle; В — fusiform muscle; С — unipennate muscle.
Слайд 22Action of muscles upon various levers.
A — lever of balance; В —
Action of muscles upon various levers.
A — lever of balance; В —
![Action of muscles upon various levers. A — lever of balance; В](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-21.jpg)
Слайд 23Overcoming work is carried out when muscle contraction changes the positions of
Overcoming work is carried out when muscle contraction changes the positions of
![Overcoming work is carried out when muscle contraction changes the positions of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-22.jpg)
Fixating work is carried out when the force of contraction is used to hold a load in a certain position, without displacement. For example, when a person is standing or sitting still or holding an object. The force of muscle contraction is equal to the gravity force of the body or the object. In this case the length of the muscle is not changing (isometric contraction).
Overcoming and yielding types of work are also called dynamic work, since the force of muscle contraction is causing the body or its parts to move. Fixating work is also called static, because there is no movement-taking place. A first-class lever is a two-armed system, and is also called a «balance lever». A second-class lever is a one-armed lever. There are two types of second-class levers, depending on where the force application and resisting weight are situated relative to each other. The first type is considered to be a power lever. In such a system the lever arm of force application is longer than that of the weight resistance. An example of this is the foot, in which the heads of metatarsal bones serve as the pivot point, the force is applied at the calcaneus (by the triceps of the leg), and the weight of the body acts upon the talocrural joint.
Слайд 24This lever system has an advantage in power, but a disadvantage in
This lever system has an advantage in power, but a disadvantage in
![This lever system has an advantage in power, but a disadvantage in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/374059/slide-23.jpg)
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLES
The origin of skeletal muscle in embryogenesis is the middle embryonic layer called mesoderm, which contains somites. The dorsomedial section of a somite, called the myotome. Initially contains a cavity — the myocele. As the myotome grows and turns into a syncytium mass, its cavity gradually disappears. Then, the cell mass differentiates into striated muscle fibers with a metameric arrangement. The myotome divides into cylindrical sections of muscle fibers. The dorsal sections of myotomes form the deep (proper) muscles of the back. The ventral sections form the deep muscles of the chest and anterior and lateral abdominal walls.