ESTABLISHING COMMUNIST REGIME IN IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

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CZECHOSLOVAKIA: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Newly created state founded in 1918 after the breakup

CZECHOSLOVAKIA: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION Newly created state founded in 1918 after the
of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.
A democratic republic since its inception.
Ethnic tensions:
Composition: 51% Czechs, 22% Ethnic Germans, 16% Slovaks, 5% Hungarians and 4% Rusyns
Strong legal, indigenous communist party, drew over 10% of the popular vote in free parliamentary elections.

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PRE-WWII AND THE SUDETENLAND

Hitler’s first priority after the annexation of Austria:

PRE-WWII AND THE SUDETENLAND Hitler’s first priority after the annexation of Austria:
Sudetenland and their ethnic German inhabitants.
Both the French and British reluctant to go to war and signed the infamous “Munich Agreement”
Czechoslovakia capitulates, hands the Sudetenland to Germany

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WWII AND ITS AFTERMATH

Germany invades: Bohemia and Moravia become a ‘protectorate’ of

WWII AND ITS AFTERMATH Germany invades: Bohemia and Moravia become a ‘protectorate’
Germany, Slovakia allowed independence as a pro-Nazi state.
Czech government remained in exile in London with close Soviet ties.
Soviet army eventually liberates the majority of Czechoslovakia.
Cost of the war: 350 000 dead, Production declined by 30-70%, agricultural production down 36%

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THE AFTERMATH CONT’D

Czech shift towards a more pro-Soviet foreign policy with Beneš

THE AFTERMATH CONT’D Czech shift towards a more pro-Soviet foreign policy with
realizing the importance of the USSR for security reasons.
Benes wanted Czechoslovakia to act as a bridge between the East and West.
Worked with the Communists in exile in Moscow on the structure of post-war Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia would be reformed into a semi-federalist state including Slovakia.

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THE GOVERNMENT RETURNS

Government officially returns in May 1945, again headed by Edvard

THE GOVERNMENT RETURNS Government officially returns in May 1945, again headed by
Benes.
Premier would be Zdenek Fierlinger, wartime ambassador to the Soviet Union.
Makeup of ministerial positions:
Social Democrats: 3
Non-Marxist: National Socialists: 3 and
Czech Populists (Catholic): 3
Communists: 4, including deputy minister of foreign affairs.
Formed the “National Front,” a compromise government
Czechoslovakian communists seemed to be different – more co-operative

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THE HISTORIC RISE OF THE LEFT

Leftist movements rising and taking power throughout

THE HISTORIC RISE OF THE LEFT Leftist movements rising and taking power
Europe, particularly Eastern Europe.
communists in Czechoslovakia could achieve a peaceful, legal and electorally backed communist regime.

Post –war Election results (May 26, 1946)
Communists: 38% of vote throughout the country.
Social Democrats: 13%
National Socialists: 18%
Czech Populists: 16%
Slovak Democrats: 14%
Within Slovakia: (Slovak democrats: 62%, Communists 30%)

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THE DOWNFALL OF DEMOCRACY

Premiership went to the Communist leader Klement Gottwald.
At the

THE DOWNFALL OF DEMOCRACY Premiership went to the Communist leader Klement Gottwald.
same time following occured.
May1946: French and Italian communist parties kicked out of their national coalitions.
June46: US Marshall Plan being touted: Stalin replies that Czechoslovakia must rescind its decision to be apart of it and follows through.
September46: At the founding of the Cominform, Czech Communist party criticized heavily for their failure “to resolve the question of power”

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CABINET TROUBLES AND THE COMMUNIST SEIZURE OF POWER

Communist popularity began to decrease

CABINET TROUBLES AND THE COMMUNIST SEIZURE OF POWER Communist popularity began to
as another election was approaching.
Nevertheless, the Communist minister of the interior began to ‘purge’ the police organization of the remaining non-communists.
February 1948: Non-Communist cabinet ministers pass a resolution to reverse the intended purge.
February 20: Both the interior minister and the Communist party itself ignore the order, and in response 12 cabinet ministers resign hoping for the fall of the cabinet which would never come.

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THE FINAL COMMUNIST PUSH

The result: only a minority of the cabinet ministers

THE FINAL COMMUNIST PUSH The result: only a minority of the cabinet
resigned, Benes accepted their resignation on February 25, 1948, leaving the Communists in power and able to now hand-pick their replacements with their own.
This would effectively complete the Czechoslovakian transition to communism through a bloodless, legal and constitutional means, albeit non-electorally, without any appeal to the parliament, and with an air of military/police suppression and possible violence in favour of the Communists.
In most respects completely independent from Soviet intervention.
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