GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION

Problems for discussion
Handling equivalent forms and structures
Handling equivalent-lacking forms and structures
Handling modal forms
Key words:
Correspondence, grammatical forms, syntactic order, permanent grammatical equivalent, grammatical transformations, similarity/dissimilarity, a lack of equivalence.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Every word in the text is used in a _________________________and all the words are arranged in sentences in a__________________________.
_____________is an important feature of speech units.
Grammatical forms and structures, except for providing______________________
_____________________, also convey some information which is part of its__________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
They reveal the________________________
________________________, clauses and sentences in the text, they can make ____________________________that is of particular significance for the____________.
The ___________________of the text is an important _____________________ either the ________of the text or its____________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Though the ___________________in the original text is_____________________
_______________, the semantic role of grammatical forms and structures should not be________________________.
The importance of the ___________
_______________________is often reflected in the choice of the________
______________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Equivalence in translation can be best achieved if the translator_______________
_________________________________
________________________________.

The principal types of grammatical correspondences between two languages are as follows:
-_______________________;
-_________________________;
-_________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
NB There are _____________________
_______________________and the translator can choose between the _______________and various________________________________.
There is never an ______________between the meaning and ____________________in SL and TL.
F.e., both English and Russian verbs have their
____________________________________
___________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The English infinitive has________________
___________________________________, which are absent in the ________________
__________________________in Russian.
The idea of ____________________action expressed by the ______________is not present in the meaning of the Russian Infinitive and has to be rendered in translation by________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
'The train seems to arrive at 5."
_________________________
'The train seems to have arrived at 5.“
_____________________________

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A ________________of the English and Russian Infinitives can be also found in the____________________________.
(for example, the ____________Infinitive which in English _____________following that indicated by the______________):

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Parliament was dissolved, not to meet again for eleven years.
___________________________________________________________________.
Не came home to find his wife gone.
________________________________
_________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A __________________can be observed if one compares _____________________of the verb in English and in Russian.
The English and the Russian _______both have_______________________, but in English the ______________________
_______________________and are more often used.
As a result, the meaning of the ___________
_________________________is often rendered by an __________in the translation:

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
This port can be entered by big ships only during the tide.
__________________________________
_______________________________.
(The sentence can certainly be translated in some other way, e.g.
__________________________________
__________________________________.)

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A most common example of ____________
_________________________________in the two languages is the role of ________
____________in English and in Russian/Ukrainian.
Both languages use a “______" and an “__________" word order.
But the English word order________, in most cases______________________: the predicate is _____________________and followed_____________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
This order of words is often changed in the Russian/Ukrainian translation since in Russian/Ukrainian______________
______________________________
___________________________, the elements conveying new information (the_______) leaning_____________
___________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Thus if the English sentence
"My son entered the room"
is intended to inform us____________________, its Russian/Ukrainian equivalent will be
«_______________________________________»
but in case ___________is to tell us ____________
________, the word order will be preserved:
________________________________________

HANDLING EQUIVALENT FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The predominantly _______________in the English sentence means that _____________
_____________________the object carry a___________________________.
This emphasis _________________in translation by such a ___________as the ____________
_____________in the Russian sentence and the translator has to use some ______________
_______________________________
Money he had none.
________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The English grammatical form that has __
______________________in Russian/Ukrainian may be a part of speech, a ______________________or a_______________________.
The _________is part of the English grammar and is ________________in Russian and Ukrainian.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
As a rule, English ______________________into Russian and Ukrainian for their ___________is expressed by ________________________and needn't be reproduced_____________________.
Translating the phrase "the man who gave me the book" with the Russian «____________
___________________» the translator needn't worry about the definite article since the ______
____________________due to the presence of the ___________________________clause.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
There are some cases, however, when the _______________________has an important role _________in the _________________and should by all means be reproduced in TT.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
A passenger was looking for a place to put his bag. –___________________
_______________________________.
I have found a fellow student who agreed to help me. –______________
________________________________.
A Mr. Brown has left a message for you. –____________________________
_________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The ___________________may correspond either to the ______________________________Russian forms and the choice is largely______________
___________________.
After supper he usually smoked in the garden.
__________________________________.
After supper he smoked a cigarette in the garden and went to bed.
_______________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The ______________forms!!! - referring to an action ______________________
or a__________________.
I hoped he had read that book.
(а)_____________________________,
(б)________________________________.
And, again, the _______________will enable the translator to make the correct choice.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
English ____________________
______________________
______________________
have no parallels in Russian and Ukrainian.
Translating sentences with such complexes always______________
_________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
____________________________
1-st. An ____________________must be ________________by the translator.
The identification problem is particularly _________________in the case of the “_____"-structures which may________
______________________________
_______________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The phrase "How can you play with your brother lying sick in bed" can be understood in ______________: as an ___________________and then its Russian equivalent will be «___________
________________________________» or as a _______________________which should be translated as «___________
______________________________».

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Then the translator should consider the ______________________________________________________equivalents.
The meaning of the ______________
_______________________can be rendered into Russian with the help of______________
_____________________________________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Using a __________involves the identification of the ______________
_______________________of the construction:
"Business disposed of, we went for a walk."
-_________________________________
__________________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
This can be avoided by using an______________
_____________, but then care should be taken to refer it to the subject:________________________
________________________________.
(____________________are common in English but are usually not used in____________________.
"But coming from West Indies, his chances were very slim"
and «___________________________________».)

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
The same sentence can be rendered into Russian by _________________
sentences:_____________________
_____________________________.
This method is not______________
________________, whenever it___
__________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Specific translation problems emerge when the translator has to handle a ______________________________
_________________________introduced by the verb “______" or “______", such as:
"I shall have him do it" or "I shall have him punished".

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
First, the translator has to ________what Russian _______________should be used as a ______________for the English “_____" or “_______".
Depending on the ______________of the______________________, the phrase
"I shall have him do it" may be rendered into Russian as «_________________________
_________________________________» or even «_______________________________
____________________________________».

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
Second, the translator ____________that such complexes are __________________and may be either______________________________.
The phrase “The general had his horse killed" may refer to___________________________.
Either the horse was killed by the general's order
(___________________________________)
or he was killed in combat and the general was not the initiator of the act but the sufferer
(_____________________________).

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
An __________in the translator's ___________will result in a_________
_________________________.
Many ________________________result from a ______________________used in the typical_______________________.
Preserving its ________________the verb____________________________
______________________________.

HANDLING EQUIVALENT-LACKING FORMS AND STRUCTURES
They laughed merrily.
_______________________.
They laughed him out of the room.
_________________________________.
In such cases the translator has to choose among __________________________
____________________relationships in TL.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
______________is a semantic category indicating the ___________________that the speaker ______________to his message.
A message can be presented by its author as_______________, a request___________, or something that_____________, possible or _______________but not an established fact.
_________________make up an important part of the information___________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
The translator must be able to understand various ___________________expressed by _______________________and to choose the ____________________in TL.
English makes use of ________________of language units to express modal relationships:___________
_________________________________
_______________________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
____________are widely used in English to _________________
____________of modality.
The translator should be ________
___________that an English ____
__________can be found in some phrases the Russian ___________of which have ______________forms.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
She can speak and write English.
_____________________________.
I can see the English coast already.
_____________________________.
Why should you say it?
__________________________?

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
There is ______________________
between the English and the Russian __________________and the translator should choose the ______________ which_________________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Most English ________________are _____________________.
So “_____" can express _________or a high degree of___________________.
“_____" implies either ____________or moral _______________(permission).
“____" denotes physical or__________
____________, etc.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
You must go there at once.
______________________________.
You must be very tired.
_______________________________.
Не may know what has happened.
________________________________.
Не may come in now.
_________________________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
But when a ___________is used with a _______________form, it loses, as a rule, its____________________________.
Thus, “____________" always implies certainty, “_______________", probability, while “_______________", improbability.
It should also be noted that the ______
_________may indicate either ______
_________after "must", "may", "cannot") or an action that ______________(after_
________________________________).

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
He must have told her about it yesterday.
__________________________.
Не should have told her about it yesterday.
_____________________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Special attention should be given to the form “_______________________" where the _____________________can have ____different meanings:_______________
__________________________________
__________________________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
I might have spoken too strongly.
___________________________.
You might have done it yourself.
____________________________.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Among other means of __________mention should be made of __________________
________________________:
"certainly", “______________", "presumably, “_______________", “_________", "of course", “__________", "indeed", “___________” and the like, as well as similar ____________________:
"it is _________", "it is _________", "it is _________", etc.

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
They may all _______________________of _________ relationships.
For instance, “_____________” may be rendered as «______________________» и т.п., «____________" — «_____________
______________________» и т.п.,
«_______________" - «_______________
________________________».

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Some of the _______________("surely", “________", “_________" and the like) have________________________.
What should he do if she failed him? Surely die of disappointment and despair.
_________________________________
_________________________________
____________________________.
(Неге "surely" is____________.)

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
The English _______________give relatively little trouble to the translator since he can, as a rule, make use of the_________________
________________________.
Note should be taken, however, of those forms of the _________________(the______________) which are purely structural and express ______________________________that should be reproduced in translation:

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
It is important that everyone should do his duty.
___________________________.
I suggest that we all should go home.
____________________________!

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
Do not forget that while the English language has practically______________
___________________, the Russian language has.
Whenever necessary, Russian _______ (_______________________________) should be used to ______________which is expressed in the _________by other means or only ______________:

HANDLING MODAL FORMS
After us the deluge.
___________________.
Не was in wild spirits, shouting that you might dissuade him for twenty-four hours.
____________________________
___________________________
______________________________.

Causes of Grammatical transformations
Causes: Grammatical transformations are motivated by the ___________________
________________________of the two languages.
Grammatical transformations are_____________
_____________________– the ___________
________________ in the _________of the two languages.

Grammatical transformations
Grammatical _____________________are those of______________________, constructions, _________________in SL which creates __________________
_________________________by a translator.
Such ___________________can take place due to _____________________:

Grammatical transformations
Absence of _______________________in TL for corresponded phenomena in SL.
Differences in ______________________of the equivalents.
_______________differences.
______________________discrepancies.

Grammatical transformations
e.g. They say-_____________
you see-____________

Grammatical transformations
_______________;
Replacement;
______________;
Omission;
_________________________: - Inner fragmentation; - Outer fragmentation;
Sentence___________________.

Using grammatical transformations
Factors that depend on using grammatical transformations:
_________________of the sentence;
_____________________coloring;
sense__________________;
___________________________;
______________________________.

Grammatical transformations
Transposition- is a __________
________________________(Subject, Predicate, Object, etc.) as compared with that of the source sentence dictated either by peculiarities of the target language syntax or by the___________________________.

Grammatical transformations
It is performed usually due to the _________
_________________________________
of the sentence as in Russian__________, as a rule, at___________________________.

Grammatical transformations
e.g. The flight will be boarding at Gate 17 in about fifteen minutes.
_______________________________
_______________________________.

Grammatical transformations
Replacement- is ___________in the target text at the _____________, lexical and __________________of the language when the __________of the certain __________________are replaced by ________________of target_______________.

Grammatical transformations
e.g. He used to come to Italy each spring.
______________________________
____________________.

Grammatical transformations
Addition- is a _________
_________________of structural elements _______
___________in the source text or ________________missing in the target language.

Grammatical transformations
e.g. The policeman waved me on.______________________
_________________________.

Grammatical transformations
Sometimes _______________available or implied in the ________________
______________________when it is transformed into the______________.
These semantic units should be _____________________________and
____________________________.

Grammatical transformations
E.g. oil countries –___________
___________________,
wages demand –_________
_______________________,
solid engine -____________
____________________.

Grammatical transformations
Omission- is ____________________of the source text considered _______
________________________language structural ____________and_________.
e.g. Summer rains in Florida may be violent, while they last.
________________________________.

Grammatical transformations
We also ____________that are not ___________for understanding or expressing a_________________.
One of the cases or _________is the use in English of ____________mostly typical of_______________________.

Grammatical transformations
E.g. regular and normal session –________
_____________;
with the Advice and Consent of the Senate –_________________.

Grammatical transformations
Sentence ______________- implies _______________________________into the target sentence.
e.g. Your presence is not required. It is not desirable.
________________________________
______________________________.

Grammatical transformations
____________fragmentation- is either ______________in translation of the source sentence by two or _________
_________or _____________a simple source sentence into a_________________________.

Grammatical transformations
e.g. Come along and see me play one evening.
_____________________________
__________________________.

Grammatical transformations
_________fragmentation- is a _____________of a simple sentence into _________________________one.
e.g. C развитием промышленности появится много товаров.
______________________________
______________________________.

Grammatical transformations
Outer fragmentation- is a _________of a sentence in________________________________.

Grammatical transformations
e.g. There was a real game too, not a party game played in the old school hall and invented by my eldest brother Herbert, who was always of an adventurous character until he was changed by the continual and sometimes shameful failures of his adult life.
Была у нас и ______________________
_____________ - мы играли в нее в старом ________зале. Придумал ее наш _______
_______________- человек изобретательный и_________________
_________________, пока постоянные и иногда ___________________во взрослой жизни не изменили его натуру.