Independent Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan entered to the third millennium with a population of 14.8 million people. It’s territory spreads
from Caspian Sea to the borders of China. With its 2.7 million square km, it is the ninth largest country in the world, as large as Western Europe.

History:
Stages of Kazakhstan State
Kazakh Khanate
Kazakh nation was formed in the mid-fifteenth century when two great – grandsons of Genghis Khan, Janibek and Kerei broke away from Abulkhair Khan, a ruler of independent Khanate known as Mogolistan. Janibek and Kerei created a new Khanate, Kazakh Khanate.
Juzes
A bit later the three Juzes were appeared. This was an essentially peaceable division of political management. It would give further stability to Kazakh presence. In the last years of 17th century Jungar campaigns pressed on the Kazakh Khanate with a vengeance.
Tsarist Kazakhstan
In 1731 the Lesser Juz under Abulkhair Khan
became the part of Russian empire, in order to protect
and defend its territory from Jungars. Later in 1741
the Middle and Great Juzes joined to Russian empire.

Independent Kazakhstan
In December 16, 1991 Kazakhstan declared its independence. The date of the independence became a turning point in Kazakhstan's development.
The Declaration of Independence was the first fundamental legislation of the new country. In 1993, two years after independence, Kazakhstan’s first constitution was adopted. The present constitution was accepted in August 30, 1995. According to the Constitution the Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims itself a democratic, secular, legal and social state whose highest values are an individual, his life, rights and freedoms.

Our president
President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev is highly respected not only in this country but abroad as well because he is an honest and intelligent statesman. The 4th of December 2005 on the alternative basis he had been elected as a President of Kazakhstan for the fourth time supported by 91.15% of voters.

State symbols
Flag
Each sovereign state has its own flag, hymn and coat of arms which are the obligatory attributes of independent state.
National Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a piece of right-angled cloth of sky-blue colour with a picture of a golden sun with its 32 rays in the centre, under them - a soaring steppe eagle. Flagstaff has vertical line with national ornament.The picture of sun, its rays, eagle and ornament are of golden colour.

State symbols
Coat of arms
National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a picture of a shanyrak ( the cupola of a yurta) on a blue background, from which oaks (body bracket) like sun rays are being radiated in framing of wings of mythical horses. At the bottom of the emblem there is an inscription “Kazakhstan”. In colour picture the National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan are of two colours: golden and blue-and-sky-blue.

The tenge was introduced in November 1993 to replace the Russian ruble. November 12 is celebrated as the "Day of national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan".
Tne new design of tenge was accepted in November, 2006. The 2006 series is far more exotic than its predecessors.
National Currency of Kazakhstan

Economy
The first year of independence was marked by Kazakhstan’s entry into the UN, the World Bank and other international organizations. Both industry and agriculture are developing here. Nowadays many private firms and joint ventures appear. Kazakhstan is important to world energy markets because it has significant oil and natural gas reserves. Kazakhstan's strategic aspiration is to become a modern, diversified economy with a high value added and high-tech component, well integrated in to the global economy.

Multinational Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a multinational country. There are about 125 nationalities in the country. All people of Kazakhstan have equal rights and duties.
Everyone must observe the Constitution, legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and respect the rights, freedoms, honor and dignity of other persons. Every nationality can develop its culture in Kazakhstan.

The Capital of the Republic
of Kazakhstan
Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan
was held on June 10, 1998.

Symbol of the Independence
Astana is a symbol of the independence and prosperity of Kazakhstan. It is a major political and cultural center and a thriving and modern city developing at an amazing pace.

Today’s main aim is the implementation of the strategy for Kazakhstan to enter the top 50 most competitive countries of the world. This is a transition to a qualitatively new stage of development, which will enable Kazakhstan to make a breakthrough into the world elite of most developed states of the world.
Independence of Kazakhstan
1991 - 2006