International Relations in 30 -60

OUTLINE
War of the Poland succession (1733-1738)
War of the Austrian succession (1740-1748)
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Treaty of Paris (1763)

Balance of power was the main principle by the 40-s of the XVIII c.:
Between England and France for sea and colonial hegemony.
Between Austria and Prussia in Central Europe.
Between Russia and other states for confirmation on Baltic sea and going out to Black sea.

Development of Diplomacy
Organization of diplomatic services;
Increasing of the professionalism of the officials;
French became the diplomatic language since XVIIIc., instead Latin

War of the Poland Succession
1733-1738

War 1733-1738
After death of the Polish king August II (1733) two rivals claimed to the throne: Fredrick August - son of king and Stanislav Leshchinski. He was supported by France, because he was married to the daughter of the Louis XV, Maria. On November 24, 1733 Russian troops invaded to Poland and their control Fredrick August was declared a king of Poland (Fredrick III). In Answer to this invasion, France declared war to Austria. French navy was defeated by Russian fleet at Dantsig.

Vienna treaty (1738)
Austria ceded France some territories in Italy and Germany and refused from kingdom of two Sicilies, to the profit of junior line of Spanish Bourbon;
France guaranteed Pragmatic sanction and recognized August III as a Polish king;
Stanislaw Leshchinsky gained a title of king for life and lands of Lorraine and Bar;
Duke of Lorraine – son in law of Charles VI gained Parma, Pancetta and Toscana as a compensation.

War on Austrian succession (1740-1748

War ́ for the Austrian succession was caused by attempt of some the European powers to challenge the will of Austrian emperor Charles VI and to dismember considerable possession of the house of Habsburgs in Europe.

Charles VI died in 1740 and his daughter Maria Theresa (reigned 1740-1780), inherited the Austrian Hapsburg Empire. Fredrick the Great (reigned 1740-1786) had just inherited the Prussian throne from his father, Fredrick William I. In 1740 Fredrick suddenly invaded the Hapsburg territory of Silesia and England joined Austria against Prussia, Bavaria, France and Spain.

Opponents
Great Britain
Hanover
Netherlands
Saxony Sardinia
Russia
Prussia
France
Spain
Bavaria
Sicily
Sweden
Austria
Great Britain Hanover Netherlands Saxony
Sardinia
Russia

War course
The basic military operations were developed in Czech, Bavaria, Saxony, in the Austrian Netherlands, Northern Italy. Besides, England confronted to France and Spain on sea communications and in colonies. Here war for the Austrian inheritance became continuation begun in 1739 English-Spanish wars. The North American part of Seven-year war has received in the English-speaking literature the name of War of king George and is traditionally dated 1744-1748 the Contradictory parties — Englishmen and Frenchmen — challenged boundary territories of Nova Scotia and New England, and also control over a river Ohio valley. Operations in the North America were reduced to boundary skirmishes.

In October, 1748 the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed :
All members of treaty recognized Pragmatic sanction of Charles VI about heritage.
Prussia retained Silesia and doubled it’s population.
Spain and Sardinia received some territories in Italy.
France returned land of Austria, which were occupied in Netherlands.
England gained Madras in India and some territories in America.

The pragmatically sanction
The pragmatically sanction — the law about SACCESSION accepted by the emperor of Sacred Roman empire Charles VI 19 of April, 1713

Seven Years’ War

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) involved all of the major European powers of the period, causing 900,000 to 1,400,000 deaths. It enveloped both European and colonial theatres from 1756 to 1763, incorporating the Pomeranian War and the French and Indian War which was fought from 1754 to 1763. Prussia, Electorate Brunswick-Lüneburg, and United Kingdom of Great Britain (including British colonies in North America, the British East India Company, and Ireland) were pitted against Austria, France (including the North American colony of New France and the French East India Company), the Russian Empire, Sweden, and Saxony. Portugal (on the side of Great Britain) and Spain (on the side of France) were later drawn into the conflict, and a force from the neutral Netherlands was attacked in India.

CAUSES
The confrontation between France and England for the colonies
The confrontation between Austria and Prussia because of Silesia
TURNING ALLIANCES

Causes of the war
This war is often said to be a continuation of the War of the Austrian Succession, in which King Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, had gained the rich province of Silesia. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) only in order to gain time to rebuild her military forces and to forge new alliances, which she did with remarkable success. The political map of Europe had been redrawn in a few years. During the so-called Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, century-old enemies France, Austria and Russia formed a single alliance against Prussia.

Causes of the war
Prussia had the protection only of Great Britain, whose ruling dynasty saw its ancestral Hanoverian possession as being threatened by France. In Great Britain's alliance with Prussia the two powers complemented each other. The British already had the most formidable navy in Europe, while Prussia had the most formidable land force on continental Europe, allowing Great Britain to focus its soldiers towards its colonies.
The Austrian army had undergone an overhaul according to the Prussian system. Maria Theresa, whose knowledge of military affairs shamed many of her generals, had pressed relentlessly for reform. Her interest in the welfare of the soldiers had gained her their undivided respect.
The second cause for war arose from the heated colonial struggle between the British Empire and French Empire which, as they expanded, met and clashed with one another on two continents.

Diplomatic revolution
PRUSSIA
ENGLAND
HANOVER
RUSSIA (1762)
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
RUSSIA (1756-1761)
THE PEACE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IN 1756
THE PEACE TREATY WITH PRUSSIA IN 1756

European theater of war
Dramatis personae's
The Russian empress Elizabeth
Austrian Empress Maria Theresa
George II, King of England
Prussian King Frederick II
Louis XV, King of FranceXV,

1756-The attack on Saxony

1757
The capture of Prague
Battle of Kolin
Battle of Rossbach
Battle of Leuthen
Fighting Draw

Russia's entry into the war in 1757
Stepan Fedorovich Apraksin Field Marshal of the Russian army

1758
Battle Zorndorf
Battle of Hofkirche
Have not been successful warring countries
Prussia weakened, after numerous wars

Düsseldorf battle August 14, 1758
Willie Villimovich Fermor-Chief of the Russian army

1759 Miracle House of Brandenburg
BATTLE OF KUNERSDORF AUGUST 12, 1759
COMPLETE DEFEAT OF PRUSSIA
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COUNTRIES-WINNERS - SALVATION PRUSSIA

1760
3 November 1760
the last major battle of the Seven Years' War
PYRRHIC VICTORY OF FREDERICK AT TORGAU
The loss of about 40% of the army of Prussia
Rejection of the offensive and defensive to transition

1761—1763 : the second "miracle house of Brandenburg"
Possible end of Prussia
Death of Elizabeth
The coming to power of Peter III, the salvation of Prussia

European Phase
Austria's resolve to repossess the rich province of Silesia, which had been lost to Prussia in 1748, was the major conflict leading to the Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa, archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, acquired the support of Russia, Sweden, Saxony, Spain, and France, with the specific aim of waging war against Prussia and its ally, Great Britain. It was Frederick II of Prussia, however, who initiated the military actions with his attack and capture of Saxony in 1756.

American Conflict
In North America, the war began in 1754. Colonial rivalry had gradually developed between France and Great Britain over lucrative fur-trading posts and land west of the Appalachian Mountains and over fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland. The French, by a strategy of encirclement, hoped to contain British settlement, particularly in the Ohio Valley, where Virginia planters had established fur-trading posts in 1749. By resisting British expansion westward, France was in hopes of uniting, through a chain of forts, its Canadian empire with possessions as far south as New Orleans.
During the first two years of the war, French and Native American forces were largely victorious, winning an important and surprising victory in defending Fort Duquesne. In 1757, however, the British statesman William Pitt, 1st earl of Chatham, a pro-Prussian, was given complete charge of British foreign policy and appointed the British general James Wolfe to command the troops in the New World. Pitt's bold strategy ultimately resulted in defeat for the French. By 1760 the British had conquered all of French Canada.

1759, North America: Battle of Quebec, Canada, France loses
Meanwhile, the Americas, too, was at war. French colonies were under threat. September 13, 1759, near Quebec, on the so-called Plain of Abraham, was a decisive battle between the French and British armies. The French had 13 000 people against 9000 British. The British were better prepared and won. The French lost 1200 men, the British - 650 people. September 18th the garrison of Quebec capitulated. The French army retreated to Montreal. The British took the city next year. So the French lost Canada.
Benjamin West. "Death of General Wolfe." The painting also shows the Battle of Quebec
North American theater of war

Indian Theater
Conflict spilled over into India in 1756 as the Third Carnatic War, the last in a series of 18th-century conflicts between the French and the British for supremacy in the area. The first two Carnatic wars had been fought mainly on the eastern coast of southern India, in a region called the Carnatic. The third war, however, passed beyond the limits of southern India into the rich eastern province of Bengal.
The most decisive battles of the war, however, were fought in the south. Here, the military balance tilted decisively in favor of Britain when Pondicherry, the capital of French India, fell in 1761. With the fall of Pondicherry, Britain succeeded completely in demolishing French plans for control of the country.

Asian theater of war
In the West Indies, England gave back France's major islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. The four islands of the Lesser Antilles group, considered neutral, were divided between two powers: Saint Lucia moved to France, and St. Vincent, Tobago and Dominica - to England, which also kept for himself and Grenada.
In India, France regained possession all located within the borders before the attack, but lost the right to erect a building or to keep troops in Bengal, and thus left the station in the Highlands, Chander defenseless. Thus France again had the opportunity to trade in India, but practically abandoned its claims to political influence in the region. In this British company has retained all his conquests.

Result of war
1763 Signing of the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris February 10, 1763
Treaty of Hubertusburg February 15, 1763

Paris Peace Treaty
The Treaty of Paris, signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain on February 10, 1763, ended the Seven Years' War and its American counterpart, the French and Indian War (1754-1763). By terms of the treaty, France ceded Canada and all its territory east of the Mississippi River to England, and Spain yielded Florida to England. France retained the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Worldwide, France was humbled and the treaty marked the start of the colonial and maritime supremacy of Great Britain. Britain's success was costly, however, and Parliament's attempt to cover its debts and to pay for a continuing military presence in America by direct taxation of the colonists soon caused strained relations between mother country and colonies.

Treaty of Paris
France retained fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland and Martinique and Guadeloupe, sugar islands in the West Indies.
Spain ceded the Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Cuba, and received Western Louisiana, a few island in West-India, Senegal in Africa, All French colonies in India, and Minorca.
Paris Treaty confirmed all assignments between states from Westphalia Treaty.

Treaty of Hubertusburg
On February 15, the Treaty of Hubertusburg was signed at Hubertusburg, Saxony. This agreement confirmed Prussia's possession of Silesia, and established it as a leading power in Europe