Introduction Countries in the world

Content of the course
1. Countries in the world
2. UK in the world and Europe
3. The USA and Canada in the world
4. The rest of englishspeaking countries (Australia, South Africa, India, Singapore, Malaysia….)

Countries
193 country in the UN
258 countries in the world
There are a big difference in countries development (economy, social development, culture)

State
Ancient institution (Rome, Greece), with its rule of law, citizenship rights and broad economic and social responsibilities
Sovereign territory
Authority

Nation
Is a large group of people with its strong bond of identity
Shared culture, religion, history, language and ethnicity

Regions
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern America
Latin America
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia - Southern – Eastern Asia
Middle East
Africa

Western Europe
Ancient civilizations
Wars
Number of countries: 50 states
Population 738 mln.
Core countries: Germany, UK, France
Southern Europe
Economic crises
EU integration - future and perspective

Europe from ancient to middle centures
The Holy Roman Empire, there was about 8., when Karl the Great, king of the Franks, was crowned by the Pope as Emperor. His empire was based in the territories of present-day France, the Benelux and Germany, expanding on the present territory of Hungary, Italy, Bohemia, Lower Saxony and Spain.
After the split of the Christian Church (1054), Western Christianity was adopted in the newly created kingdoms of Central Europe: Poland, Hungary and Bohemia.
The Roman Catholic Church has become a leading force, which led to conflicts between the Pope and the Emperor.
Since the XIV-th century, the Baltic Sea has become one of the most important trade routes. The Hanseatic League, the union trading cities, facilitated the inclusion of large areas of Poland, Lithuania and other Baltic countries into the European economy.
By tradition, the end of the Middle Ages associated with the Fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire and the capture by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Catholic Christianity was split up into two parts as a result of the Reformation in XVI-century. The Christian world is slowly becoming a European civilization.

History of Europe
The Early Modern period spans the centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution, roughly from 1500 to 1800, or from the discovery of the New World in 1492 to the French Revolution in 1789. The period is characterised by the rise to importance of science and increasingly rapid technological progress, secularised civic politics and the nation state. Capitalist economies began their rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa
Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. A renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts led to what has later been termed the Italian Renaissance.
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in theearly modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the north, west and middle Europe during a cultural lag of some two and a half centuries, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, history, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry
Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Western Europe was forced to discover new trading routes, as happened with Columbus's travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama's circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498.

Spreading through Europe with the development of printing press, knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority. The most common dating begins in 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars
The 17th century was an era of crisis. Many historians have rejected the idea, while others promote it an invaluable insight into the warfare, politics, economics,and even art. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) focused attention on the massive horrors that wars could bring to entire populations.
Throughout the early part of this period, capitalism (through Mercantilism) was replacing feudalism as the principal form of economic organisation, at least in the western half of Europe. The expanding colonial frontiers resulted in a Commercial Revolution. The period is noted for the rise of modern science and the application of its findings to technological improvements, which culminated in the Industrial Revolution.

Periods of colonization era
XV competition Spain and Portugal (Spain – America, Portugal in South Asia)(slavery, rebellions of indians)
Portugal and Spain had developed fleet and it help to conquer new lands and establish there their power
XVI Holland and British – ost and west indian companies

XVII century France, England competition in America and South Asia
XVII century Holland and Portugal competition in South Asia
XIX Germany and Italy joined the divided world
1950-60 decolonization era

Consequences of the colonization era
European countries with violent power suppressed people in colonies and took away all their products and sourses
Established their authorities and rules
Suppressed native culture, tradition and language (except India)
Nowadays still we can see the consequences of their violence

History of Europe
1648 - Peace of Westphalia
The French Revolution
The Napoleonic Wars
The Congress of Vienna
Industrial revolution
The First World War
Fascism
World War II
Cold war
The unification of Germany
Split of the USSR

Europe history
In Europe of a common state, comparable in size to the European Union, were the Western Roman Empire, the Frankish state, the Holy Roman Empire. During the last millennium as Europe has been shattered.
The fundamental basis of European integration, of course, have always been social and cultural closeness of the European peoples and their common historical destiny. Since the Middle Ages Europe was a cultural whole, to unite the Christian religion and the Latin script. Europe for the peoples of other continents performed as a single center, from where the world spread European values​​.

Philosophy of EU integration
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively.
The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area (which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states) passport controls have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture,fisheries, and regional development

Geopolitics of Europe in the XX century.
Europe since the Middle Ages was the center of world politics.
Two devastating world wars greatly weakened geopolitical position in Europe.
The process of decolonization and European countries will soon have lost their main colonies.
The political weakness of the leading European countries in the last of the great powers, has become one of the causes of European integration. Another reason - awareness of the political elites of the European countries the catastrophic results of the two world wars and the incompatibility of the prospects of revival of Europe with threats of new wars on the continent. The third reason is due to the Cold War and the formation of a bipolar world. The United States in terms of confrontation with the Soviet Union had an interest in a strong, united, but they controlled Europe.

The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan accelerated the post-war division of Europe. In the 1948-1951 years. The United States provided under the Marshall Plan 16 European countries to 17 billion dollars, of which 60% of the aid received United Kingdom, France, Italy and Germany. Established in the combined British, American and French occupation zones Federal Republic of Germany received in 1946-1954 gg. $ 2.7 billion

Eastern Europe
Sectarian West - Christian space
Between the three spiritual centers (Rome-Konstantinopl-Moscow)
Imperial history
Currently - impact forces between civilization consistency
Factor of ethnic minorities
Factor of Yugoslavia
Economic crises

Economics
"Third Europe"
With the accession to the EU came western capital
Deindustrilization
The decline in the competitiveness of enterprises in CEE

CEE policy
U.S. military base in CEE
Complication of relations between the U.S. - Russia
The output of the EU as a way out of the crisis?

Eastern Asia
Japan-China-Southern Korea –Northern Korea
Ancient civilization - surviving in our time
Closed society till 19 century
The population growth
Limited natural resources
Attention not on the individual, and the state (public) growth
political stability
Possible without the integration of
High-tech production
The heterogeneity of socio-economic development

Southern Asia
India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Nepal, Bangladesh
Ancient civilization, conquered by the West
Conflict tension
Poverty
The population growth
Political instability (social stratification)
The non-aligned movement – Mahatma Gandi
Asian Tigers in south east asia

Latin America

History
Country (independence year)
Argentina (1816)
Brazil (1822)
Chile (1823),
Peru (1822)
Columbia (1832)
Ecuador (1809)
Venezuela (1824)
Presidents (most of them women)
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner (widow of former President Nestor Kirchner)
Dilma Rousseff
Sebastian Pinera Echenique (previously M. Bachelet)
Ollanta Moises Humala Tasso
Juan Manuel? Santos
Rafael Correa

LA history
LA - independence - the middle of the XIX century
Dominant position in the political life of the occupied landowners - the descendants of Spanish and Portuguese colonialists who used the labor of landless peasants and black slaves (slavery existed in some countries up to end XIX.) After independence, these countries except Brazil (Empire) was announced as republics, full power in them belonged to the leaders. The combination of political sovereignty and economic dependence an important feature of the development of the region.
At the end of the XIX century in Latin America industry started to develope, especially mining and agricultural production, focused on the markets of Europe, USA and depending from foreign investment.

После открытия в 1914 г. Панамского канала, который стал собственностьюСША, выросли политический вес и влияние Соединенных Штатов. Важным политическим событием 1930-х годов стала революция на Кубе (1933-1934гг). В результате которой был свергнут диктатуру Мачадо и проведен целый ряддемократических и социальных реформ
В 20-30-х гг в странах Латинской Америки сталопопулярным лозунг укрепления национальной независимости и устранения влияния другихгосударств, что побудило правительства некоторых стран к проведению реформ. Наиболеерадикальные реформы в первой четверти ХХ века было проведено в Аргентине иМексике.
СтраныЛатинской Америки приступили к индустриализации, которая должна, По их мнению, компенсировать невозможностьимпорта машин и оборудования из промышленно развитых стран. Для развития собственнойпромышленности местном капиталу предоставлялись всевозможные льготы. Государство сталовкладывать средства в развитие промышленности, что привело к возникновению государственногосектора экономики.

LA features
Social policy
Middle level of social and economic development
Political stabilization in XXI
Integration processes

Politics
In the political arena the beginning of the XXI century in South America marked by the arrival of left-wing forces, the socialist leaders elected in countries such as Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Venezuela. Against this background, in South America throughout much of the market economy development and international cooperation, for example, have been established by MERCOSUR and the Andean Community, the purpose of which is the free movement of citizens, economic development, removal of customs duties and common defense policy. Since 2004, the existing and developing the Union of South American Nations, also known as Unasur - the organization that unites in itself almost all the countries of South America, created on the model of the European Union. As part of the South American Union of an advisory council of defense, will establish a common parliament, as well as the creation of the single market and the elimination of tariffs between member countries

Africa
High culture
Low level of development - poverty
Colonization
15% of the world's human population
Interstate conflicts
Tribe relations
Rich natural resources (very high)
Dependence from West countries

Middle East
Ancient civilizations
Center of world religions
Natural resources (oil)
Cross of East and West ways
Conflicts (Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Syria…)
Western interference
Religion enforcement

World in XX
Open borders
IWW – end of 3 empires
Facism
Cold War (the USSR and the USA)
Split of the USSR and multiple world
Domination of the USA
Religion rise
Globalization of issues and challenges

World data of country development

Population

Gross domestic product 2012

Gross national income per capita 2012, Atlas method

Gross national income per capita 2012, PPP

GDP per capita
over $102,400
$51,200–102,400
$25,600–51,200
$12,800–25,600
$6,400–12,800
$3,200–6,400
$1,600–3,200
$800–1,600
$400–800
below $400
unavailable

Task for 4 week
Map
To read S. Huntington article “The clash of civilizations ”
To prepare and write and article “Who is the leader in modern world?”