Содержание
- 2. The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of two words : philos, (love,
- 3. A brief etymological interpretation sounds like “love wisdom”
- 4. The first who used this word, was Pythagoras. He did not dare (не отважился) to call
- 5. So, here one of the first symbols of wisdom, philosophy – Iris, (the rainbow as a
- 6. For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was not only a form of knowledge, learning, but also
- 7. How can or should begin philosophy in each case? And how a single person attached (приобщается)
- 8. Various thinkers have different answers to this question. Plato began to widely use the term “philosophy”
- 9. Then, Aristotle believed that philosophy begins with wonder. (удивление)
- 10. Wonder in front of the mystery of the world, its unity and diversity (многообразие), its infinity.
- 11. Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly points out (указывает) that philosophy can not be reduced
- 12. For, as pointed out by another ancient Greek philosopher – Heraclitus, “knowledge of much doesn’t teach
- 13. Descartes saw the real beginning of philosophy in doubt.
- 14. Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole (целое), integrity of the hole. “The world as a
- 15. The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them into unity. It is clear that only something in
- 16. However, it should not be taken so that philosophy does not show any interest in the
- 17. But the parts are taken here in that connection that leads to hole, include them in
- 18. It is also important to have in view that philosophy is internally dissected (внутренне расчлененное) formation
- 19. Ontology – study of being Gnoseology – theory of cognition Epistemology - study of knowledge Philosophical
- 20. Aesthetics – study of the beauty Logic – study of thinking Futurology – study of the
- 21. Directly only ontology goes to “the world as hole”. But, this does not mean that there’s
- 22. Social philosophy studies direction of the historical process (what is the history?), paradigms, i.e., model-patterns in
- 23. In all its forms philosophy teaches “the holistic (целостное) thinking”, an integrated interpretation of all existing
- 24. In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach every problem reveals (обнаруживает) its true meaning that is to be
- 25. In this context we can understand the Socratic phrase: “I know that I know nothing”
- 26. In fact, expanding (расширяя) the circle of knowledge, we increase the area of contact with the
- 27. There are problems in any science, but in philosophy they have eternal nature. That is philosophy
- 28. Each era and every great thinker give their own interpretation, understanding and resolution of philosophical problems
- 29. Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but alternative. Philosophy makes a lot of different responses on
- 30. Philosophical knowledge also comes as critical knowledge. Philosophy reflects all dogmas, teachings, authorities, values which are
- 31. Philosophical criticism reveals (выявляет) limitations and the relativity of all knowledge.
- 32. In this respect, philosophy is different than rhetoric which convinces (убедить) a listener in one way
- 33. Main instrument of philosophy is not conviction (убеждение), but discovery and critical examination of the truth.
- 34. Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection is self-conscious (самоосознающее) or cognitive thinking, self-aware (самоосознающее) knowledge
- 35. Philosophical knowledge can be described as well as humanistic knowledge. In this case, we investigate person
- 36. Philosophy discovers universality in its human, humanistic dimension and meaning. Philosophy explores the world, displayed (отображенный)
- 37. Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is projected on human being and is involved in the
- 38. Philosophy and science
- 39. Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we understand science and how we
- 40. First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.
- 41. Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity (неоднородности): contradictory theories, unproven theorems,
- 42. Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains people, their research roles, misconceptions
- 43. Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth. Philosophy unites not only scientific,
- 44. Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy
- 45. World outlook is a system of views on the reality and human’s place in it in
- 46. Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения), faith, principles etc. Outlook carries
- 47. Outlook has two levels: rational-theoretical level daily and practical level
- 48. There are three historical types of outlook: Mythology Religion Philosophy
- 49. Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the understanding of the emergence and
- 50. Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man. Cosmogonic myths are about the origin
- 51. Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based on a strong system of
- 52. Religious outlook is characterized by… 1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in nature or history is
- 53. 2. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces 3. Time is associated with
- 54. Definition of philosophy
- 55. So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of fundamental laws of the world,
- 56. Philosophy is focused on three key elements: - nature, - social life, - human.
- 57. The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of the main questions in philosophy
- 58. This question has two aspects: 1. What comes first: matter or consciousness? (materialists and idealists) 2.
- 59. Functions of philosophy
- 60. Four basic functions of philosophy: 1. Outlook function of philosophy is the ability to give a
- 61. 2. Methodological function is to identify ways to achieve some goal, such as scientific knowledge, aesthetic
- 62. 3. Humanistic function is implemented in a very careful attention to the man, this function is
- 63. 4. The practical function of philosophy is, above all, the aspiration to moral, ethical virtue of
- 64. Philosophy course consists of… history of philosophy and theory of philosophy
- 65. Periods of evolution of philosophy: The ancient oriental philosophy The philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome
- 66. Key FINDINGS
- 67. Philosophy is the subjective search for answers to the fundamental issues of existance. Philosophy is ethical
- 68. Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the world and human security of the universal conditions of
- 70. Скачать презентацию