Philosophy, its object and functions

Содержание

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The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of two

The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of two
words :
philos, (love, or philia – friendship, affection привязанность) and
sophos (learned scholar ученый муж, sage, or sophia - wisdom, knowledge, talent).

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A brief etymological interpretation sounds like
“love wisdom”

A brief etymological interpretation sounds like “love wisdom”

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The first who used this word, was Pythagoras. He did not dare

The first who used this word, was Pythagoras. He did not dare
(не отважился) to call himself as wise man, in his view: it is only God is wise, there’s only God’s wisdom.

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So, here one of the first symbols of wisdom, philosophy – Iris,

So, here one of the first symbols of wisdom, philosophy – Iris,
(the rainbow as a bridge between earth people and sky gods).

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For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was not only a form of

For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was not only a form of
knowledge, learning, but also a form of life, existence. And even the first form or way of life (образ жизни).

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How can or should begin philosophy in each case? And how a

How can or should begin philosophy in each case? And how a
single person attached (приобщается) to it?

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Various thinkers have different answers to this question. Plato began to widely

Various thinkers have different answers to this question. Plato began to widely
use the term “philosophy” in his “Dialogues”.

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Then, Aristotle believed that philosophy begins with wonder. (удивление)

Then, Aristotle believed that philosophy begins with wonder. (удивление)

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Wonder in front of the mystery of the world, its unity and

Wonder in front of the mystery of the world, its unity and
diversity (многообразие), its infinity. To be surprised and to see something in its untouched pristine (первозданность) is very difficult.

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Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly points out (указывает) that philosophy

Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly points out (указывает) that philosophy
can not be reduced to knowledge. Although in-depth knowledge is necessary for a wise.

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For, as pointed out by another ancient Greek philosopher – Heraclitus, “knowledge

For, as pointed out by another ancient Greek philosopher – Heraclitus, “knowledge
of much doesn’t teach to be wise”

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Descartes saw the real beginning of philosophy in doubt.

Descartes saw the real beginning of philosophy in doubt.

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Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole (целое), integrity of the hole.

Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole (целое), integrity of the hole.
“The world as a whole” – that could be defined as the subject of philosophy.

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The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them into unity. It is clear

The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them into unity. It is clear
that only something in common and significant can ensure (обеспечивать) unity of the objects.

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However, it should not be taken so that philosophy does not show

However, it should not be taken so that philosophy does not show
any interest in the parts. Of course, a hole doesn’t exist without parts.

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But the parts are taken here in that connection that leads to

But the parts are taken here in that connection that leads to
hole, include them in general chain (цепь) of global process, in the fundamental unity of the world.

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It is also important to have in view that philosophy is internally

It is also important to have in view that philosophy is internally
dissected (внутренне расчлененное) formation consisting of independent philosophic studies:

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Ontology – study of being
Gnoseology – theory of cognition
Epistemology - study of

Ontology – study of being Gnoseology – theory of cognition Epistemology -
knowledge
Philosophical anthropology – study of man
Social philosophy – philosophy of society

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Aesthetics – study of the beauty
Logic – study of thinking
Futurology – study

Aesthetics – study of the beauty Logic – study of thinking Futurology
of the future
Axiology – study of values
Ethics – study of morality

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Directly only ontology goes to “the world as hole”. But, this does

Directly only ontology goes to “the world as hole”. But, this does
not mean that there’s no study of the hole, integrity in other philosophical disciplines.

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Social philosophy studies direction of the historical process (what is the history?),

Social philosophy studies direction of the historical process (what is the history?),
paradigms, i.e., model-patterns in social life.

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In all its forms philosophy teaches “the holistic (целостное) thinking”, an integrated

In all its forms philosophy teaches “the holistic (целостное) thinking”, an integrated
interpretation of all existing parties, all aspects of human existence. Philosophical knowledge, then, should be classified as problematic one.

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In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach every problem reveals (обнаруживает) its true meaning

In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach every problem reveals (обнаруживает) its true meaning
that is to be an issue on which there is no answer in the existing system of knowledge, but which, nevertheless, growing out from it.

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In this context we can understand the Socratic phrase:
“I know that

In this context we can understand the Socratic phrase: “I know that I know nothing”
I know nothing”

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In fact, expanding (расширяя) the circle of knowledge, we increase the area

In fact, expanding (расширяя) the circle of knowledge, we increase the area
of ​​contact with the world of ignorance, or unknown.

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There are problems in any science, but in philosophy they have eternal

There are problems in any science, but in philosophy they have eternal
nature. That is philosophy deals with the problems, which don’t have any final solution.

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Each era and every great thinker give their own interpretation, understanding and

Each era and every great thinker give their own interpretation, understanding and
resolution of philosophical problems – more or less authentic (достоверное), compelling (убедительное), but a very relative.

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Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but alternative. Philosophy makes a lot

Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but alternative. Philosophy makes a lot
of different responses on any fundamental question . There is no the Answer, but there are a lot of answers.

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Philosophical knowledge also comes as critical knowledge. Philosophy reflects all dogmas, teachings,

Philosophical knowledge also comes as critical knowledge. Philosophy reflects all dogmas, teachings,
authorities, values ​​which are circulating (имеют хождение) in society.

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Philosophical criticism reveals (выявляет) limitations and the relativity of all knowledge.

Philosophical criticism reveals (выявляет) limitations and the relativity of all knowledge.

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In this respect, philosophy is different than rhetoric which convinces (убедить) a

In this respect, philosophy is different than rhetoric which convinces (убедить) a
listener in one way of opinion.

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Main instrument of philosophy is not conviction (убеждение), but discovery and critical

Main instrument of philosophy is not conviction (убеждение), but discovery and critical examination of the truth.
examination of the truth.

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Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection is self-conscious (самоосознающее) or cognitive

Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection is self-conscious (самоосознающее) or cognitive
thinking, self-aware (самоосознающее) knowledge search. Reflective thought is a thought, turned on itself.

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Philosophical knowledge can be described as well as humanistic knowledge. In this

Philosophical knowledge can be described as well as humanistic knowledge. In this
case, we investigate person as a philosophical phenomenon because every person exists as active side of relationships between human and the world.

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Philosophy discovers universality in its human, humanistic dimension and meaning. Philosophy explores

Philosophy discovers universality in its human, humanistic dimension and meaning. Philosophy explores
the world, displayed (отображенный) on individual world.

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Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is projected on human being and

Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is projected on human being and
is involved in the formation of his worldview.

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Philosophy and science

Philosophy and science

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Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we understand

Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we understand
science and how we evaluate philosophy. Science is usually identified with a system of true knowledge, but it is an exagge’ration (преувеличение).

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First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.

First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.

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Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity (неоднородности):

Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity (неоднородности):
contradictory theories, unproven theorems, purely hypothetical constructs, paradoxes.

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Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains people,

Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains people,
their research roles, misconceptions (заблуждения), prejudices (предрассудки) and rumors (слухи).

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Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth. Philosophy

Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth. Philosophy
unites not only scientific, but religious, ethical, aesthetic theories and opinions.

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Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy

Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy

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World outlook is a system of views on the reality and human’s

World outlook is a system of views on the reality and human’s
place in it in a certain historic-cultural epoch.

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Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения), faith,

Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения), faith,
principles etc.
Outlook carries out the function of human’s knowledge of the outer world.

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Outlook has two levels:
rational-theoretical level
daily and practical level

Outlook has two levels: rational-theoretical level daily and practical level

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There are three historical types of outlook:
Mythology
Religion
Philosophy

There are three historical types of outlook: Mythology Religion Philosophy

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Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the understanding

Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the understanding
of the emergence and structure of the world and man as its inherent element.

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Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man. Cosmogonic myths

Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man. Cosmogonic myths
are about the origin of the universe. Cosmological myths are about the structure of the universe.

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Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based on

Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based on
a strong system of moral norms and the special organization of people (sanctuary- храм). Faith is a form of existence of religion.

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Religious outlook is characterized by…
1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in nature

Religious outlook is characterized by… 1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in
or history is regarded as a manifestation of God’s will)

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2. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces
3. Time

2. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces 3.
is associated with a sacred history

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Definition of philosophy

Definition of philosophy

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So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of fundamental

So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of fundamental
laws of the world, man and man’s place in this world»

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Philosophy is focused on three key elements:
- nature,
- social life,

Philosophy is focused on three key elements: - nature, - social life, - human.

- human.

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The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of the

The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of the main questions in philosophy
main questions in philosophy

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This question has two aspects:
1. What comes first: matter or consciousness?

This question has two aspects: 1. What comes first: matter or consciousness?
(materialists and idealists)
2. Can we cognize the world? (Gnostics and Agnostics)

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Functions of philosophy

Functions of philosophy

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Four basic functions of philosophy:
1. Outlook function of philosophy is the ability

Four basic functions of philosophy: 1. Outlook function of philosophy is the
to give a united picture of the world in general, to combine data of sciences, arts, practices.

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2. Methodological function is to identify ways to achieve some goal, such

2. Methodological function is to identify ways to achieve some goal, such
as scientific knowledge, aesthetic creativity, social practice.

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3. Humanistic function is implemented in a very careful attention to the

3. Humanistic function is implemented in a very careful attention to the
man, this function is referring to man as the active phenomenon.

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4. The practical function of philosophy is, above all, the aspiration to

4. The practical function of philosophy is, above all, the aspiration to
moral, ethical virtue of the people.

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Philosophy course consists of…
history of philosophy
and
theory of philosophy

Philosophy course consists of… history of philosophy and theory of philosophy

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Periods of evolution of philosophy:
The ancient oriental philosophy
The philosophy of ancient Greece

Periods of evolution of philosophy: The ancient oriental philosophy The philosophy of
and Rome
Medieval philosophy
The philosophy of Renaissance
The New Age Philosophy
German classical philosophy
Philosophy of the 19th century
Philosophy of the 20th century
Present-day Philosophy

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Key FINDINGS

Key FINDINGS

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Philosophy is the subjective search for answers to the fundamental issues of

Philosophy is the subjective search for answers to the fundamental issues of
existance.
Philosophy is ethical man’s attitude to the world.

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Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the world and human security of

Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the world and human security of
the universal conditions of improvement.
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