Слайд 2The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of two
words :
philos, (love, or philia – friendship, affection привязанность) and
sophos (learned scholar ученый муж, sage, or sophia - wisdom, knowledge, talent).
Слайд 3A brief etymological interpretation sounds like
“love wisdom”
Слайд 4The first who used this word, was Pythagoras. He did not dare
(не отважился) to call himself as wise man, in his view: it is only God is wise, there’s only God’s wisdom.
Слайд 5So, here one of the first symbols of wisdom, philosophy – Iris,
(the rainbow as a bridge between earth people and sky gods).
Слайд 6For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was not only a form of
knowledge, learning, but also a form of life, existence. And even the first form or way of life (образ жизни).
Слайд 7How can or should begin philosophy in each case? And how a
single person attached (приобщается) to it?
Слайд 8Various thinkers have different answers to this question. Plato began to widely
use the term “philosophy” in his “Dialogues”.
Слайд 9Then, Aristotle believed that philosophy begins with wonder. (удивление)
Слайд 10Wonder in front of the mystery of the world, its unity and
diversity (многообразие), its infinity. To be surprised and to see something in its untouched pristine (первозданность) is very difficult.
Слайд 11Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly points out (указывает) that philosophy
can not be reduced to knowledge. Although in-depth knowledge is necessary for a wise.
Слайд 12For, as pointed out by another ancient Greek philosopher – Heraclitus, “knowledge
of much doesn’t teach to be wise”
Слайд 13Descartes saw the real beginning of philosophy in doubt.
Слайд 14Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole (целое), integrity of the hole.
“The world as a whole” – that could be defined as the subject of philosophy.
Слайд 15The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them into unity. It is clear
that only something in common and significant can ensure (обеспечивать) unity of the objects.
Слайд 16However, it should not be taken so that philosophy does not show
any interest in the parts. Of course, a hole doesn’t exist without parts.
Слайд 17But the parts are taken here in that connection that leads to
hole, include them in general chain (цепь) of global process, in the fundamental unity of the world.
Слайд 18It is also important to have in view that philosophy is internally
dissected (внутренне расчлененное) formation consisting of independent philosophic studies:
Слайд 19Ontology – study of being
Gnoseology – theory of cognition
Epistemology - study of
knowledge
Philosophical anthropology – study of man
Social philosophy – philosophy of society
Слайд 20Aesthetics – study of the beauty
Logic – study of thinking
Futurology – study
of the future
Axiology – study of values
Ethics – study of morality
Слайд 21Directly only ontology goes to “the world as hole”. But, this does
not mean that there’s no study of the hole, integrity in other philosophical disciplines.
Слайд 22Social philosophy studies direction of the historical process (what is the history?),
paradigms, i.e., model-patterns in social life.
Слайд 23In all its forms philosophy teaches “the holistic (целостное) thinking”, an integrated
interpretation of all existing parties, all aspects of human existence. Philosophical knowledge, then, should be classified as problematic one.
Слайд 24In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach every problem reveals (обнаруживает) its true meaning
that is to be an issue on which there is no answer in the existing system of knowledge, but which, nevertheless, growing out from it.
Слайд 25In this context we can understand the Socratic phrase:
“I know that
I know nothing”
Слайд 26In fact, expanding (расширяя) the circle of knowledge, we increase the area
of contact with the world of ignorance, or unknown.
Слайд 27There are problems in any science, but in philosophy they have eternal
nature. That is philosophy deals with the problems, which don’t have any final solution.
Слайд 28Each era and every great thinker give their own interpretation, understanding and
resolution of philosophical problems – more or less authentic (достоверное), compelling (убедительное), but a very relative.
Слайд 29Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but alternative. Philosophy makes a lot
of different responses on any fundamental question . There is no the Answer, but there are a lot of answers.
Слайд 30Philosophical knowledge also comes as critical knowledge. Philosophy reflects all dogmas, teachings,
authorities, values which are circulating (имеют хождение) in society.
Слайд 31Philosophical criticism reveals (выявляет) limitations and the relativity of all knowledge.
Слайд 32In this respect, philosophy is different than rhetoric which convinces (убедить) a
listener in one way of opinion.
Слайд 33Main instrument of philosophy is not conviction (убеждение), but discovery and critical
examination of the truth.
Слайд 34Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection is self-conscious (самоосознающее) or cognitive
thinking, self-aware (самоосознающее) knowledge search. Reflective thought is a thought, turned on itself.
Слайд 35Philosophical knowledge can be described as well as humanistic knowledge. In this
case, we investigate person as a philosophical phenomenon because every person exists as active side of relationships between human and the world.
Слайд 36Philosophy discovers universality in its human, humanistic dimension and meaning. Philosophy explores
the world, displayed (отображенный) on individual world.
Слайд 37Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is projected on human being and
is involved in the formation of his worldview.
Слайд 39Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we understand
science and how we evaluate philosophy. Science is usually identified with a system of true knowledge, but it is an exagge’ration (преувеличение).
Слайд 40First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.
Слайд 41Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity (неоднородности):
contradictory theories, unproven theorems, purely hypothetical constructs, paradoxes.
Слайд 42Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains people,
their research roles, misconceptions (заблуждения), prejudices (предрассудки) and rumors (слухи).
Слайд 43Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth. Philosophy
unites not only scientific, but religious, ethical, aesthetic theories and opinions.
Слайд 44Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy
Слайд 45World outlook is a system of views on the reality and human’s
place in it in a certain historic-cultural epoch.
Слайд 46Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения), faith,
principles etc.
Outlook carries out the function of human’s knowledge of the outer world.
Слайд 47Outlook has two levels:
rational-theoretical level
daily and practical level
Слайд 48There are three historical types of outlook:
Mythology
Religion
Philosophy
Слайд 49Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the understanding
of the emergence and structure of the world and man as its inherent element.
Слайд 50Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man.
Cosmogonic myths
are about the origin of the universe.
Cosmological myths are about the structure of the universe.
Слайд 51Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based on
a strong system of moral norms and the special organization of people (sanctuary- храм).
Faith is a form of existence of religion.
Слайд 52Religious outlook is characterized by…
1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in nature
or history is regarded as a manifestation of God’s will)
Слайд 532. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces
3. Time
is associated with a sacred history
Слайд 55So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of fundamental
laws of the world, man and man’s place in this world»
Слайд 56Philosophy is focused on three key elements:
- nature,
- social life,
- human.
Слайд 57The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of the
main questions in philosophy
Слайд 58This question has two aspects:
1. What comes first: matter or consciousness?
(materialists and idealists)
2. Can we cognize the world? (Gnostics and Agnostics)
Слайд 60Four basic functions of philosophy:
1. Outlook function of philosophy is the ability
to give a united picture of the world in general, to combine data of sciences, arts, practices.
Слайд 612. Methodological function is to identify ways to achieve some goal, such
as scientific knowledge, aesthetic creativity, social practice.
Слайд 623. Humanistic function is implemented in a very careful attention to the
man, this function is referring to man as the active phenomenon.
Слайд 634. The practical function of philosophy is, above all, the aspiration to
moral, ethical virtue of the people.
Слайд 64Philosophy course consists of…
history of philosophy
and
theory of philosophy
Слайд 65Periods of evolution of philosophy:
The ancient oriental philosophy
The philosophy of ancient Greece
and Rome
Medieval philosophy
The philosophy of Renaissance
The New Age Philosophy
German classical philosophy
Philosophy of the 19th century
Philosophy of the 20th century
Present-day Philosophy
Слайд 67Philosophy is the subjective search for answers to the fundamental issues of
existance.
Philosophy is ethical man’s attitude to the world.
Слайд 68Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the world and human security of
the universal conditions of improvement.