Protected Areas Governance Day 1. Theory

Questions for discussion
- Environmental Governance: definitions,
Difference between “Governance”, “Policy” and “management”,
Are there principles of good governance?
Targets, objects and subjects, mechanisms of Environmental Governance,
Levels of governance: global, national, regional and local, …
Three sectors of community (governmental, commercial, public): the role of actors, tasks and specific instruments of governance.

Environmental + Policy
Environmental policy is any [course of] action deliberately taken [or not taken] to manage human activities with a view to prevent, reduce, or mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural resources, and ensuring that man-made changes to the environment do not have harmful effects on humans.
Environmental not= Ecological
Policy not= Politics

Management
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.
Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources.
Environmental resource management tries to identify the factors that have a stake in the conflicts that may rise between meeting the needs and protecting the resources.

Менеджмент
от англ. to manage - «владеть», «управлять». Означает руководство любой организацией (предприятием, общественной организацией, партией), а также совокупностью людей, выполняющих эти функции
На практике понятие «менеджмент» чаще всего используется в значении «управление», «манипулирование» (менеджмент продаж, менеджмент качества). Часто понятие «менеджмент» ориентировано на технологические аспекты.

Менеджмент
В традиционном понимании:
- совокупность принимаемых в организации решений, направленных на формирование отношений между организацией и заинтересованными сторонами, прямо или косвенно затронутыми в результате деятельности организации.
В современном понимании:
- совокупность всех видов деятельности организации, прямо или косвенно связанных с охраной окружающей природной среды.
Экологический менеджмент на предприятии:
- планирование, осуществление и контроль стратегических и оперативных мероприятий по предотвращению, уменьшению и устранению ущерба, наносимого окружающей среде и использование открывающихся при этом рыночных возможностей.

Interdisciplinary Field of Environmental Management

Protected Areas Governance
Governance
Good Governance
Principles
PA Goals & Powers
PA Types
Applications

Governance
Governance is not a synonym of ‘government’; it is more than a set of official bodies, or people working as government staff.
government ≠ governance
institution process
Governance is the interactions among institutions, processes and traditions that determine how power is exercised, how decisions are taken on issues of public and often private concern, and how citizens or other stakeholders have their say.

Fundamentally, governance is about power, relationships and accountability: who has influence, who decides, and how decision-makers are held accountable.
Governance occurs wherever people organize themselves – formally and informally – to develop rules and relationships with each other in pursuing their objectives and goals.
Governance

Earth System Governance
…the interrelated and increasingly integrated system of formal and informal rules, rule-making systems, and actor-networks at all levels of human society (from local to global) that are set up to steer societies towards preventing, mitigating, and adapting to global and local environmental change and, in particular, earth system transformation, within the normative context of sustainable development. (Earth System Governance Science Plan, 2009)

Environmental governance – термин, описывающий совокупность социально-политических подходов к управлению и рациональному использованию природных ресурсов. Его можно определить как ≪…образование, изменение функций и преобразование институтов (норм, правил, традиций) для разрешения конфликтов, связанных с использованием природных ресурсов≫ (Paavola, 2007)

Задача «Environmental governance» - определить каким образом современные либо действующие ранее социально политические механизмы сформировали существующий режим использования данного ресурса, какие актеры вовлечены в регулирование ресурсопользованием, что является движущей силой, определяющей характер функционирования режима ресурсопользования, какие инструменты (законодательство, технические регламенты, формальные либо неформальные институты и т.д.) вовлечены в данный процесс и какова их сравнительная эффективность, а также как сложившаяся система ресурсопользования может быть оптимизирована.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
THE SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLE
THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
THE EQUITY PRINCIPLE
HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLES
THE PARTICIPATION PRINCIPLE

Governance Principles
The Five Principles
Accountability
Performance
Fairness
Direction
Legitimacy & Voice
UNDP Principles on which they are based
- Participation
- Consensus Orientation
- Accountability
- Transparency
- Responsiveness
- Effectiveness, Efficiency
- Equity
- Rule of Law
- Strategic Vision

Methodological approaches:
- ecosystem (i.e. water basin) management;
ecosystem services assessment;
ecological networks;
- integrated (interdisciplinary) multi-scale governance;
- public participation procedures;
- alternative variants of decision-making;
- conflict management and scenarios development;
- transparency and accountability.

Governing instruments
Those responsible for creating and maintaining supportive conditions for governance, use a variety of governing instruments to achieve this task, including:
laws;
policies and rules (e.g. for establishing roles, responsibilities and accountability);
regulations (e.g. for timing the use of a resource, opening or closing access to an area, allowing or disallowing a particular technology

financial investments (in programmes, infrastructure, etc.) ;
spreading of information through several avenues;
provision of occasions to meet, discuss and negotiate over specific issues (forums and platforms, including on-going events);
provision of material or administrative support;
research and training programmes;
various forms of incentives and disincentives, from fees and taxes to recognition of social merit and boosting of social standing.
Governing instruments

Scales of Governance
- Spatial scales
Global assessment
National policies
Programs of municipalities
Rationale for individuals - Temporal scales
Immediate impacts
Long term impacts
Life cycle assessment

Integrated Global Economic and Environment Models
ISI Search identified 94 models with the terms Economic/Environment
Individual reviews resulted in 36 models with actual economic and environmental links (number of citations per year)

The types of actors involved can be many and varied, including government agencies and ministries at various levels, local elected and traditional authorities, local communities, NGOs, businesses and corporations, international bodies, labour unions, professional organizations, religious and educational organizations, military authorities, political officials and parties, etc.
Governance actors

Governance Actors
Actors = Stakeholders = Players = Agents
Stakeholders – заинтересованные лица
!NB Interests vs Position
3 main groups (or sectors of Ukrainian society) of actors and their roles:
1. Governmental
2. Commercial (corporative)
3. Non-governmental (NGOs + active population)

Actors of Environmental Governance

“Deming’s Wheel”
модель cистемы менеджмента:

Системы менеджмента: СЭМ и СМК
ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ
ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ
КОНТРОЛЬ
УЛУЧШЕНИЕ
ПРОДУКТ
СИСТЕМА
УДОВЛЕТВО-
РЕННОСТЬ
ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЯ
ПРОГРАММЫ
ЦЕЛИ

Model of EMS according to ISO 14001

Модель СЭМ согласно ISO 14001
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА
ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ
ВНЕДРЕНИЕ И
ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ
КОНТРОЛЬ И ПОПРАВКИ
АНАЛИЗ СО СТОРОНЫ
РУКОВОДСТВА
НЕПРЕРЫВНОЕ
УЛУЧШЕНИЕ

Protected Area (PA)
IUCN defines a protected area as a:
“...clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” (Dudley, 2008).

Кумулятивный рост числа и площади охраняемых территорий в мире
(Примечание: для 38 427 ООПТ общей площадью около 4 млн. км2 не известна дата образования и поэтому они не были включены в данную схему)

Закон України “Про природно-заповідний фонд” (1992)
Природно-заповідний фонд – ділянки суші й водного простору, природні ландшафти і об'єкти, які мають особливу природоохоронну, наукову, естетичну, рекреаційну та іншу цінність й виділені з метою збереження природної різноманітності ландшафтів, генофонду рослинного й тваринного світу, підтримання загальноекологічного балансу й забезпечення моніторингу довкілля.

IUCN protected area management categories

Category II – National Park
- Large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities.

Ценности дикой природы (В.Е. Борейко)
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ (ПРИРОДООХРАННАЯ, СРЕДООБРАЗУЮЩАЯ, ПРИРОДОПОДДЕРЖИВАЮЩАЯ, ВЫЖИВАТЕЛЬНАЯ) ЦЕННОСТЬ
НАУЧНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ПАТРИОТИЧЕСКАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
РЕЛИГИОЗНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ЦЕННОСТЬ НАСЛЕДИЯ
ЭТИЧЕСКАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
СИМВОЛИЧЕСКАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ДУХОВНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ЭТАЛОННАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ЦЕННОСТЬ СВОБОДЫ
МУЗЕЙНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ
ЦЕННОСТЬ ВДОХНОВЕНИЯ
ЦЕННОСТЬ ЗАЩИТЫ ОТ НОВЫХ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ
ЦЕННОСТЬ СУЩЕСТВОВАНИЯ
НЕОСОЗНАННЫЕ (НЕИЗВЕСТНЫЕ И НЕРАЗРАБОТАННЫЕ) ЦЕННОСТИ

Goals of PAs (balance varies by IUCN PA category)
nature conservation
science
visitor opportunities
local and indigenous needs
Powers of PAs
planning
regulation
spending
revenue-generating
power to enter into agreements
PA Goals and Powers
(задачи и полномочия)

Legitimacy and Voice Criteria
Supportive democratic and human rights context
Decentralization in decision-making
Collaborative management
Citizen participation at all levels of decision-making
Civil society groups and an independent media
High levels of trust

Direction Criteria
Consistency with international direction
Legislative direction (formal or traditional law)
System-wide PA plans
Management plans for individual PAs
Demonstration of effective and visionary leadership

Performance Criteria
Cost Effectiveness
Capacity
Co-ordination
Performance Information to the Public
Responsiveness
Monitoring and Evaluation
Adaptive Management
Risk Management

Accountability Criteria
Clarity
Coherence and breadth
Role of politicians
Public Institutions of Accountability
Civil Society and the Media
Transparency – public access to information

Fairness Criteria
Supportive judicial context
Fair and impartial enforcement
Fairness in the process for establishing new PAs
Fairness in the management of PAs

Good governance of PA
Effective governance system for protected area means finding a good working balance between multiple levels of powers encompassing history, culture and innovation, locating avenues and instruments for those powers to be positively exercised, and remaining flexible, adaptable and capable of responding to the ever-changing needs of in situ conservation.

PA governance types
Defined on the basis of “who holds
management authority and responsibility
and can be held accountable”, 4 main PA
Governance types can be identified:
A. Government managed protected areas;
B. Co-managed (Multi-stakeholder) PA;
C. Private protected areas;
D. Community conserved areas.

Levels of Protected area governance:
International
Regional
Bilateral
National
Protected area system
Protected area

Governance instruments and powers
National and international legislation, policies and rules