Race as a ground for inequality

The concept of race
Biologically-grounded understanding: each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics.
Typological understanding: judging by physical characteristics one can be identified as belonging to a certain race.

Approaching race

From biological to social
Physical characteristics become a source to legitimize existing policies of exclusion.
Building a hierarchy, based on racial belonging.

Theoretical framework
Primordialism:
Races are essential, grounded into history groups, which have their own traditions and culture, which is transmitted through generations
Constructivism:
Races are a product of social relationship and belonging to a certain race is based on shared beliefs in existence of certain characteristics which are typical for some group

Types of racism:
Theoretical and spontaneous (institutionalized opinion and individual prejudice);
Internal and external (against minority and against a foreign social group);
Auto-referential and hetero-referential (who is the bearer of the prejudice and who is the victim).

New racism
A theory of human nature linking ‘race’ and nation
National consciousness was understood as an instinct for self-preservation and national survival
Cultural racism

Neo-racism
New modality of racism
‘Racism without races’
Culture functions as a nature
‘Colour- blindness’
The importance of the context and the conditions

Race and inequality
Race in the sense of neo-racism still the basis of the inequality and discrimination in modern world
Race becomes more and more connected with nation, gender, age, way of life, behavior, religion and etc.
Biological ground is not so important for the neo-racism

References:
Balibar, E. (2007). Is there a'neo-racism'?. Race and racialization: Essential readings, 85-88.
Balibar, E. (1991). ‘Racism and nationalism. Nations and nationalism: A reader, 163-72.
Brah A.(1993) Re-Framing Europe: En-Gendered Racisms, Ethnicities and Nationalisms in Contemporary Western Europe Feminist Review, No. 45, Thinking Through Ethnicities, 9-29
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/race#race-2
http://www.oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100228471
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2325502/Map-shows-worlds-racist-countries-answers-surprise-you.html