Слайд 2Application of Physics in Anesthesiology
Basic knowledge of physics necessary for a
![Application of Physics in Anesthesiology Basic knowledge of physics necessary for a](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-1.jpg)
full understanding of the functioning of many anesthetic apparatus.
Слайд 3main topics of the lectures
pressure and flow of gases and liquids.
electricity and
![main topics of the lectures pressure and flow of gases and liquids. electricity and electrical safety.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-2.jpg)
electrical safety.
Слайд 4UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Base SI units
- length (meter)
- mass (kilogram)
-
![UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Base SI units - length (meter) - mass (kilogram)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-3.jpg)
time (second)
- current (ampere)
- temp (kelvin)
- luminous intensity (candela)
- amount of substance (mole)
Слайд 5DERIVED UNITS
- temp in degrees celcius
- force (newton)
- pressure
![DERIVED UNITS - temp in degrees celcius - force (newton) - pressure](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-4.jpg)
(pascal)
- pressure (bar)
- energy (electron volt)
- power (watt)
- frequency (hertz)
- volume ( liter)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Слайд 6UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
UNITS NOT IN THE SI SYSTEM
- pressure (mmHg)
-
![UNITS OF MEASUREMENT UNITS NOT IN THE SI SYSTEM - pressure (mmHg)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-5.jpg)
pressure (cmh2o)
- pressure (std atmosphere)
- energy (calorie)
- force (kilogram weight)
Слайд 7UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
- 1 kilopascal = 7.5mmHg.
- 1 Bar =
![UNITS OF MEASUREMENT - 1 kilopascal = 7.5mmHg. - 1 Bar =](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-6.jpg)
750mmHg
- 1 kilopascal = 10.2cmH2O
- 1 std atmosphere = 101.325kPa
- 1 calorie = 4.18 J
- 1 kilogram weight = 9.81N
- Pounds / in2(PSI) -Atmospheric Pressure PATM=14.7 PSI)
Слайд 8BASIC DEFINITIONS
Fundamental values in the physics of mass, length, and are time.
![BASIC DEFINITIONS Fundamental values in the physics of mass, length, and are time.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-7.jpg)
Слайд 9table of physical quantities
![table of physical quantities](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-8.jpg)
Слайд 12FLUIDS
Substances may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous form. In solids, molecules
![FLUIDS Substances may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous form. In solids,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-11.jpg)
oscillate about a fixed point, whereas in liquids the molecules possess higher velocities and move more freely and thus do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
Слайд 13FLUIDS
The molecules of gases also move freely, but to an even greater
![FLUIDS The molecules of gases also move freely, but to an even](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-12.jpg)
extent. Both gases and liquids are termed fluids. Liquids are incompressible and at constant temperature occupy a fixed volume, conforming to the shape o f a container; gases have no fixed volume but expand to occupy the total space o f a container.
but expand to occupy the total space o f a container.
Слайд 15GAS PRESSURES
There are three important laws which determine the behaviour of gases
![GAS PRESSURES There are three important laws which determine the behaviour of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-14.jpg)
and which are important to anaesthetists.
Слайд 16GAS PRESSURES
Boyle’s law states that, at constant temperature, the volume ( V)
![GAS PRESSURES Boyle’s law states that, at constant temperature, the volume (](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-15.jpg)
of a given mass of gas varies inversely with its absolute pressure (P):
P1*V1 = P2*V2
Слайд 17GAS PRESSURES
Charles’ law states that, at constant pressure, the volume of a
![GAS PRESSURES Charles’ law states that, at constant pressure, the volume of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-16.jpg)
given mass o f gas varies directly with its absolute temperature ( T):
V1/T1=V2/T2
T1 = Initial Temperature (Kelvin - K)
V1 = Initial Volume (L or mL)
T2 = Final Temperature (Kelvin - K)
V2 = Final Volume (L or mL)
Слайд 18GAS PRESSURES
The third gas law indicates that at constant volume the absolute
![GAS PRESSURES The third gas law indicates that at constant volume the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-17.jpg)
pressure on the gas varies directly with the absolute temperature or P / T = constant. Therefore at constant volume a doubling of temperature results in a doubling of pressure.
Слайд 19GAS PRESSURES
Combining these three gas laws: P1*V1/T1=P2*V2/T2
![GAS PRESSURES Combining these three gas laws: P1*V1/T1=P2*V2/T2](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-18.jpg)
Слайд 20GAS PRESSURES
The behaviour of a mixture of gases in a container is
![GAS PRESSURES The behaviour of a mixture of gases in a container](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-19.jpg)
described by Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
This states that, in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container.
Thus, in a cylinder o f compressed air at a pressure of 100 bar, the pressure exerted by nitrogen is equal to 79 bar (as the fractional concentration o f nitrogen is 0.79).
Слайд 21Avogadro’s hypothesis
Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volumes of gases at the same
![Avogadro’s hypothesis Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volumes of gases at the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-20.jpg)
temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.
Слайд 25Pressure notation in anaesthesia
![Pressure notation in anaesthesia](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-24.jpg)
Слайд 26Pressure notation in anaesthesia
![Pressure notation in anaesthesia](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/379340/slide-25.jpg)