The development of management theory

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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this topic.
Historical Background of Management
Explain why studying management history is important.
Describe some early evidences of management practice.
Scientific Management
Describe the important contributions made by Fredrick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
Explain how today’s managers use scientific management.
The Development of Management Theory

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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this topic.
General Administrative Theory
Discuss Fayol’s contributions to management theory.
Describe Max Weber’s contribution to management theory.
Explain how today’s managers use general administrative theory.
Quantitative Approach
Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management.
Discuss how today’s managers use the quantitative approach.
The Development of Management Theory

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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this topic.
Toward Understanding Organizational Behavior
Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB.
Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the field of management.
Discuss how today’s managers use the behavioral approach.
The Systems Approach
Describe an organization using the systems approach.
Discuss how the systems approach helps us management.
The Development of Management Theory

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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this topic.
The Contingency Approach
Explain how the contingency approach differs from the early theories of management.
Discuss how the contingency approach helps us understand management.
Current Issues and Trends
Explain why we need to look at the current trends and issues facing managers.
Describe the current trends and issues facing managers.
The Development of Management Theory

Why studying management history is important?
Studying management history is important because it helps us understand today's management practices by seeing their origins.
History also helps us see what did and did not work.
Management has been needed by organized endeavors for thousands of years, and we can see early examples of management practice (in the construction of the Egyptian pyramids ) and China (Great Wall)).
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The Development of Management Theory

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Historical Background of Management
Ancient Management
Egypt (pyramids)
China (Great Wall)
Adam Smith
Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776
Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers
Industrial Revolution
Substituted machine power for human labor
Created large organizations in need of management
The Development of Management Theory

Adam Smith’s Contribution to the Field of Management
The general popularity today of job specialization is undoubtedly due to Smith’s view about division of labor.
Division of labor is the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks.
Historical Background of Management
The Development of Management Theory

Industrial Revolution’s Influence on Management Practices
Industrial Revolution has originated in late-18th-century Great Britain, and crossed the Atlantic to America by the end of the Civil War.
Because of the Industrial Revolution, machine power was rapidly substituted for human power, which made it economical to manufacture goods in factories.
With the development of big organizations, a formal theory to guide managers running these organizations efficiently and effectively was needed.
The Development of Management Theory

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Exhibit 2–1 Development of Major Management Theories
The Development of Management Theory

Up to the 20th century (premodern era)
Adam smith’s contribution to the field of management
Industrial revolution’s influence on management practices
In the early 20th century
Scientific management
General administrative theory
The human resources approach
The quantitative approach
From the later 20th century to the present
The process approach
The systems approach
The contingency approach
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The Development of Management Theory

Classical organizational theory espouses two perspectives:
Scientific management – focusing on the management of work and workers
Administrative management - addressing issues concerning how overall organization should be structured

Major contributors to the Classical Organizational Theory:
Scientific Management:
Frederick Taylor
Administrative Management:
Henri Fayol
Max Weber

Figure 1 Major branches in the classical approach to management.

Main idea
of classical organizational theory
There is “one best way” to perform a task

Background of That Time
There were no clear concepts of responsibilities to workers and managers.
No effective work standards existed.
Management decisions were based on hunch and intuition.
Workers were placed on jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks required.
Managers and workers considered themselves to be in continual conflict—any gain by one would be at the expense of the other.

Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor
Frederick Taylor was called as the father of Scientific management. His book The Principles of Scientific management was published in 1911. Immediately, its contents became widely accepted by managers throughout the world.

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Scientific Management
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
The “father” of scientific management
Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
The theory of scientific management
Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done:
Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.
Having a standardized method of doing the job.
Providing an economic incentive to the worker.
The Development of Management Theory

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Exhibit 2–2 Taylor’s Four Principles of Management
Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.
Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.
The Development of Management Theory

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Scientific Management (cont’d)
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Focused on increasing worker productivity through the reduction of wasted motion
Developed the microchronometer to time worker motions and optimize work performance
How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific Management?
Use time and motion studies to increase productivity
Hire the best qualified employees
Design incentive systems based on output
The Development of Management Theory

General Administrative Theory
Herial Fayol’s contributions
He argued that management was an activity common to all human undertakings in business, in government, and even in the home. He stated 14 principles of management—fundamental or universal truths.

Henri Fayol
Engineer and French industrialist
In France works as a managing director in coal-mining organization
Recognizes to the management principles rather than personal traits
While others shared this belief, Fayol was the first to identify management as a continuous process of evaluation.

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Exhibit 2–3 Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management
Division of work.
Authority.
Discipline.
Unity of command.
Unity of direction.
Subordination of individual interests to the general interest.
Remuneration.
Centralization.
Scalar chain.
Order.
Equity.
Stability of tenure of personnel.
Initiative.
Esprit de corps.
The Development of Management Theory

Fayol’s 14 Principles:
Division of Work —improves efficiency through a reduction of waste, increased output, and simplification of job training
Authority and Responsibility—authority: the right to give orders and the power to extract obedience – responsibility: the obligation to carry out assigned duties
Discipline—respect for the rules that govern the organization

4. Unity of Command—an employee should receive orders from one superior only
5. Unity of Direction—grouping of similar activities that are directed to a single goal under one manager
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest—interests of individuals and groups should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.
7. Remuneration of Personnel—payment should be fair and satisfactory for employees and the organization
8. Centralization—managers retain final responsibility – subordinates maintain enough responsibility to accomplish their tasks