Содержание

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INTRODUCTION

So far covered: Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws
This lecture covers powerful techniques

INTRODUCTION So far covered: Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws This lecture covers
for circuit analysis
nodal analysis - based on a systematic application of KCL
mesh analysis - based on a systematic application of KVL
With these techniques we can analyze any linear circuit by obtaining a set of simultaneous equations that are then solved to obtain the required values of current or voltage
substitution method
elimination method
Cramer’s rule
matrix inversion

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Nodal Analysis

In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node voltages

Nodal Analysis In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node
by applying KCL
Select a node as the reference node, assign voltages V1, V2, …, Vn-1 to the remaining nodes, the voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node
Apply KCL to each of the nonreference nodes, use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages.
Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages
The reference node is commonly called the ground since it is assumed to have zero potential

common ground

ground

chassis
ground

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Example

Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown

The fact that i2 is

Example Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown The fact that
negative shows that the current flows in the direction opposite to the one assumed

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Problems

Determine the voltages at the nodes

Problems Determine the voltages at the nodes

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Problems

Determine the voltages at the nodes

Problems Determine the voltages at the nodes

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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

CASE 1: If a voltage source is connected

Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources CASE 1: If a voltage source is
between the reference node and a nonreference node, we simply set the voltage at the nonreference node equal to the voltage of the voltage source

CASE 2: If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two nonreference nodes, the two nonreference nodes form a generalized node or supernode; we apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node voltages
A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected between two nonreference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it.

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Example

For the circuit shown find the node voltages.

Example For the circuit shown find the node voltages.

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Problems

Find v and i in the circuit

Problems Find v and i in the circuit

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Problems

Find v and i in the circuit

V1 = 14 V
6 = V3

Problems Find v and i in the circuit V1 = 14 V
- V2
V3 = 6 + V2
I1 = I2 + I3 + I4
(14 – V2)/4 = V2/3 + V3/2 + V3/6
42 – 3*V2 = 4*V2 + 6*V3 + 2*V3
42 = 7*V2 + 8*V3
42 = 7*V2 + 8*(6 + V2)

42 = 7*V2 + 48 + 8*V2
15*V2 = -6
V2 = -6/15 = -0.4 V
V3 = 6 + (-0.4) = 5.6 V
I = V3/2 = 5.6 / 2 = 2.8 A

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Mesh Analysis (Planar / Nonplanar)

mesh analysis applies KVL to find mesh currents
Mesh

Mesh Analysis (Planar / Nonplanar) mesh analysis applies KVL to find mesh
analysis is not quite general because it is only applicable to a circuit that is planar
planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing one another
Nonplanar circuits can be handled using nodal analysis

Planar circuit

Nonplanar circuit

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Mesh Analysis

A mesh (independent loop) is a loop which does not contain

Mesh Analysis A mesh (independent loop) is a loop which does not
any other loops within it
Assign mesh currents I1, I2, …, In to the n meshes
Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents
Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

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Example

For the circuit, find the branch currents using mesh analysis

Example For the circuit, find the branch currents using mesh analysis

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Problem

Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the circuit

Problem Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the circuit

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Problem

Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the circuit

Problem Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the circuit

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Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

the presence of the current sources reduces the

Mesh Analysis with Current Sources the presence of the current sources reduces
number of equations
CASE 1: When a current source exists only in one mesh we set mesh current equal to algebraic sum of current sources in that mesh

CASE 2: When a current source exists between two meshes we create a supermesh by excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it, and apply KVL around supermesh

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Example

For the circuit, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis

i3 = i2

Example For the circuit, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis i3
+ 3*i4
i4 = 0.8*i3 - 1

i3 = i2 + 3*(0.8*i3 - 1)
i3 = i2 + 2.4*i3 – 3
i3 = (3 – i2)/1.4
I3 = (– i1 – 2)/1.4
I4 = 0.8*(– i1 – 2)/1.4 - 1

i1 + 3*(i1 + 5) + 6*(– i1 – 2)/1.4 – 4*(0.8*(– i1 – 2)/1.4 – 1) = 0
i1 + 3*i1 + 15 – 4.3*i1 – 8.6 + 4 + 2.3*i1 + 4.6 = 0
2*i1 +15 = 0
i1 = -7.5A i2 = -2.5A i3 = 3.93A i4 = 2.143A

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Nodal and Mesh Analyses by Inspection

(G1+G2)*v1 – G2*v2 = I1 – I2
(G2+G3)*v2

Nodal and Mesh Analyses by Inspection (G1+G2)*v1 – G2*v2 = I1 –
– G2*v1 = I2

(R1+R3)*i1 – R3*i2 = v1
(R2+R3)*i2 – R3*i1 = -v2

Voltage of the selected node multiplied by sum of conductances connected to that node minus all neighboring nodes multiplied with conductance that makes that node neighbor to the selected one equals to algebraic sum of current sources at the selected node

Current of the selected mesh multiplied by sum of resistanses around that mesh minus all neighboring meshes multiplied with resistance that makes that mesh neighbor to the selected one equals to algebraic sum of voltage sources around the selected mesh

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Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis

first factor is the nature of the particular network
Networks

Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis first factor is the nature of the particular
that contain many series-connected elements, voltage sources, or supermeshes are more suitable for mesh analysis
whereas networks with parallel-connected elements, current sources, or supernodes are more suitable for nodal analysis
circuit with fewer nodes than meshes is better analyzed using nodal analysis
circuit with fewer meshes than nodes is better analyzed using mesh analysis
second factor is the information required
If node voltages are required, it may be better to apply nodal analysis
If branch or mesh currents are required, it may be better to use mesh analysis
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