AIRCRAFT ENGINES

The term aircraft engine
refers to reciprocating and rotary internal combustion engines used in aircraft. Jet engines and turboprops are the other common aviation power plants; while operation differs substantially, the basics here apply to all types.

Internal combustion piston engine
Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, internal combustion piston engine.
E - Exhaust camshaft
I - Intake camshaft
S - Spark plug
V - Valves
P - Piston
R - Connecting rod
C - Crankshaft
W - Water jacket for coolant flow.
Camshaft - стержень ( меняющий направление движения механизма )
Spark plug - свеча зажигания
Rod-штифт
Crankshaft – коленчатый вал

Jet enjines
A jet engine is an engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's third law of motion.

Jet enjines
This broad definition of jet engines includes
turbojets,
turbofans,
rockets,
ramjets,
pulse jets
pump-jets,

Jet enjines
In common usage, the term generally refers to a gas turbine Brayton cycle engine, an engine with a rotary compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust.

The first look
Basically, a gas turbine engine consists of five major sections:
an inlet duct,
a compressor,
a combustion chamber (or chambers),
a turbine wheel (or wheels),
an exhaust duct.

A turbine engine scheme

Cold Section:

Air intake
Preceding the compressor is the air intake (or inlet), which is designed to recover, as efficiently as possible, the ram pressure of the streamtube approaching the intake. Downstream of the intake, air enters the compressor.

Compressor or Fan
The compressor is made up of stages. Each stage consists of vanes which rotate, and stators which remain stationary.
As air is drawn deeper through the compressor, its heat and pressure increases.
Energy is derived from the turbine (see below), passed along the shaft.
Vane - лопатка

Comressor
The compressor, which rotates at very high speed, adds energy to the airflow, at the same time squeezing it into a smaller space, thereby increasing its pressure and temperature.

Common:
Shaft — The shaft connects the turbine to the compressor, and runs most of the length of the engine.

Hot section:

Combustor
or Can
or Flameholders
or Combustion Chamber —
This is a chamber where fuel is continuously burned in the compressed air.

Combustion chamber
A combustion chamber is the part of an engine in which fuel is burned.

A ring of can type combustors circles the mid section of this gas turbine.

Turbine
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow

A Pelton wheel
also called a Pelton turbine, is one of the most efficient types of water turbines.

Turbine
A gas turbine extracts energy from a flow of hot gas produced by combustion of gas or fuel oil in a stream of compressed air.

An afterburner
is an additional component added to some jet engines, primarily those on supersonic aircraft. Its purpose is to provide a temporary increase in thrust, both for supersonic flight and for takeoff

A nozzle
is a mechanical device or orifice designed to control the characteristics of a fluid flow as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.

A nozzle
is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas).
Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them.

Rocket nozzle

Exhaust Nozzle of Boeing F-18

In addition to the five major sections
each gas turbine engine is equipped with
an accessory section,
a fuel system,
a starting system,
a cooling system,
a lubrication system,
an ignition system.

Cooling systems
Combustion temperatures can be as high as 3500K (5841F), above the melting point of most materials.
Cooling systems are employed to keep the temperature of the solid parts below the failure temperature.

Fuel system
Apart from providing fuel to the engine, the fuel system is also used to control propeller speeds, compressor airflow and cool lubrication oil. Fuel is usually introduced by an atomized spray, the amount of which is controlled automatically depending on the rate of airflow.

Engine starting system
The fuel system as explained above, is one of the 2 systems required for starting the engine. The other is the actual ignition of the air/fuel mixture in the chamber.
Usually, an auxiliary power unit is used to start the engines. It has a starter motor which has a high torque transmitted to the compressor unit. When the optimum speed is reached, i.e. the flow of gas through the turbine is sufficient, the turbines take over.
There are a number of different starting methods such as electric, hydraulic, pneumatic etc.

Ignition system
Usually there are 2 igniter plugs in different positions in the combustion system. A high voltage spark is used to ignite the gases.

Lubrication system
A lubrication system serves to ensure lubrication of the bearings and to maintain sufficiently cool temperatures, mostly by eliminating friction.
The lubrication system as a whole should be able to prevent foreign material from entering the plane, and reaching the bearings, gears, and other moving parts. The lubricant must be able to flow easily at relatively low temperatures and not disintegrate or break down at very high temperatures.
Bearings – подшипники
Gear – зубчатая передача

Gas turbine engines’ classification. Jet Engines
The three most common types of jet engines are
turbojet,
turboprop,
turbofan.

Turbojet engine
Air entering a turbojet engine is compressed and passed into a combustion chamber to be oxidized. Energy produced by the burning fuel spins the turbine that drives the compressor, creating an effective power cycle.

Turboprop engines
Turboprop engines are driven almost entirely by a propeller mounted in front of the engine, deriving only 10 percent of their thrust from the exhaust jet.

Turbofan engines
Turbofans combine the hot air jet with bypassed air from a fan, also driven by the turbine. The use of bypass air creates a quieter engine with greater boost at low speeds, making it a popular choice for commercial airplanes.

Turbofan Engine

Turbofan Engine
This Rolls-Royce Tay turbofan engine pushes nearly three times as much air through the bypass ducts as it pushes through the central core of the engine, where the air is compressed, mixed with fuel, and ignited. Turbofan engines like the Rolls-Royce Tay are not as powerful as turbojets, but they are quieter and more efficient.

Boeing 747 jet engine up close

A Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Falcon testing

Engine design
Engines must be:
lightweight, as a heavy engine increases the empty weight of the aircraft & reduces its payload.

Engine design
Engines must be:
small and easily streamlined; large engines with substantial surface area, when installed, create too much drag, wasting fuel and reducing power output.

Engine design
Engines must be:
powerful, to overcome the weight and drag of the aircraft.

Engine design
Engines must be:
reliable, as losing power in an airplane is a substantially greater problem than an automobile engine seizing. Aircraft engines operate at temperature, pressure, and speed extremes, and therefore need to operate reliably and safely under all these conditions.

Engine design
Engines must be:
repairable, to keep the cost of replacement down.

Aircraft noise
is defined as sound produced by any aircraft on run-up, taxiing, take off, over-flying or landing.
Aircraft noise is a significant concern for approximately 100 square kilometers surrounding most major airports.
Aircraft noise is the second largest (after roadway noise) source of environmental noise.
It is usually measured in Decibels.

Aircraft noise
Take-off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of more than 100 decibels at the ground, with approach and landing creating lower levels.

The W2/700 engine flew in the Gloster E.28/39, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine, and the Gloster Meteor.

The Gloster E.28/39
(also referred to as the "Gloster Whittle", "Gloster Pioneer", or "Gloster G.40") was the first jet engined aircraft to fly in the United Kingdom

Internal components

BOEING ENGINES

BOEING 717 ENGINE

BOEING 737 FAMILY

BOEING 747 FAMILY

BOEING 757 FAMILY

BOEING 767 FAMILY

Rolls Royce Trent
is a family of high bypass turbofan engines manufactured by Rolls-Royce.
Versions of the Trent are in service on the Airbus A330, A340, A380 and Boeing 777, and variants are in development for the forthcoming 787 and A350.

Rolls-Royce Trent 900 on A380 prototype