BRITISH TRADITION IN TRANSLATION

Early works on translation
John Dryden (9 August 1631 – 1 May 1700)
poet
literary critic
translator
the Age of Dryden

Types Of translation
Metaphrase - involving 'word by word' and 'line by line' translation
Paraphrase - involving 'sense for sense' translation
Imitation - involving variance from words and sense by abandoning the text of the original

translation is the judicious blending of Metaphrase and Paraphrase when selecting, in the target language, "counterparts," or equivalents, for the expressions used in the source language.

Alexander Fraser Tytler, (15 October 1747 – 5 January 1813)
a Scottish advocate, judge, writer and historian
served as Professor of Universal History, and Greek and Roman Antiquities, in the University of Edinburgh.
Senator
of the College of Justice

the Essay on the Principles of Translation (London, 1790).
ideas and style of the original and should possess the ease of original composition.
give a complete transcript of the ideas and sentiments in the original passage
maintain the character of the style have the ease and flow of the original text
"I do love translating; it is the pure pleasure of writing without the misery of inventing."

Translation in the modern society
M.A.K. Halliday (13 April 1925)
a British linguist
Developed
the internationally
Influential
Systemic
Functional
Linguistic
model of language.

Three stages of translation process
(1) selection of the ‘most probable translation equivalent’ for each item at each rank;
(2) reconsideration in the light of the lexicogrammatical features of the unit above;
(3) final reconsideration in the light of the lexicogrammatical features of the TL.

A model for computer-assisted translation
Three vectors
(1) Stratification: phonetic/ phonological, lexicogrammatical, semantic, contextual
(2) Metafunction: ideational, interpersonal and textual
(3) Rank: clause complexes, clauses, phrases, groups, words and morphemes.

John "Ian" Catford (26 March 1917 – 6 October 2009) a Scottish linguist and phonetician

types of translation in terms of three criteria:
The extent of translation (full translation vs partial translation);
The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation vs. unbounded translation);
The levels of language involved in translation (total translation vs. restricted translation).

rank-bound translation vs. unbounded translation
concerns the concept of equivalence
In rank-bound translation an equivalent is sought in the TL for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST. In unbounded translation equivalences are not tied to a particular rank, and we may additionally find equivalences at sentence, clause and other levels.

translation shifts - departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL
1. level shifts
2. category shifts:
Structure-shifts;
Class-shifts;
Unit-shifts;
Intra-system shifts.

Peter Newmark (1916–2011)
an Englishan English professoran English professor of translationan English professor of translation at the University of Surrey.

A Textbook of Translation (1988),
Paragraphs on Translation (1989),
About Translation (1991),
More Paragraphs on Translation (1998).

Peter Newmark quotes
“A satisfactory translation is not always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied with it. It can usually be improved.”
“There is no such thing as a perfect, ideal, or 'correct' translation. A translator is always trying to extend his knowledge and improve his means of expression; he is always pursuing facts and words.”

Theory of semantic and communicative methods of translation.
Communicative translation is strictly functional and usually the work of a team.
Semantic translation is linguistic and encyclopaedic and is generally the work of one translator.

He works with three propositions:
"the more important the language of a text, the more closely it should be translated";
"the less important the language of a text... the less closely it needs to be translated";
"The better written a text, the more closely it should be translated, whatever its degree of importance..."

Newmark classifies texts in three categories:
scientific-technological
institutional-cultural
literary texts
Newmark distinguishes different types of words:
functional words
technical words
common words
institutional words
lexical words
concept words

Newmark proposes seven procedures for metaphor translation
reproducing the same image of the SL in the TL
replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image
translating the metaphor by a simil
translating metaphor or simil by simil plus sense
conversion of metaphor to sense
deletion
same metaphor combined with sense

For Newmark, the main concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts or text-categories and to provide a framework of principles for translating texts and criticizing translation.

Mary Snell-Hornby (2 April 1940),
a Britisha British-Austriana British-Austrian translatora British-Austrian translator and scholar
Since 1989 Mary Snell-Hornby holds dual nationality: British and Austrian.
integrated concept
based on the theory
and practice
of translation

Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach
Translation as an independent discipline
Translation as a cross-cultural Event
Translation, text and language
From special language to literary translation
Bibliography and Future perspectives