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- 2. Earnings and Discrimination Differences in Earnings in the United States Today The typical physician earns about
- 3. Earnings and Discrimination What causes earnings to vary so much? Wages are governed by labor supply
- 4. SOME DETERMINANTS OF EQUILIBRIUM WAGES Compensating differentials Human capital Ability, effort, and chance Signaling The superstar
- 5. Compensating Differentials Compensating differential refers to a difference in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of
- 6. Human Capital Human capital is the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job
- 7. Human Capital Education represents an expenditure of resources at one point in time to raise productivity
- 8. Table 1 Average Annual Earnings by Educational Attainment Copyright©2004 South-Western
- 9. Educational premium, Russia and Ukraine
- 10. Ability, Effort, and Chance Why has the gap in earnings between skilled and unskilled workers risen
- 11. Ability, Effort, and Chance Natural ability is important for workers in all occupations. Many personal characteristics
- 12. An Alternative View of Education: Signaling Firms use educational attainment as a way of sorting between
- 13. The Superstar Phenomenon Superstars arise in markets that exhibit the following characteristics: Every customer in the
- 14. Above-Equilibrium Wages: Minimum-Wage Laws, Unions, and Efficiency Wages Why are some workers’ wages set above the
- 15. Above-Equilibrium Wages: Minimum-Wage Laws, Unions, and Efficiency Wages Unions A union is a worker association that
- 16. Above-Equilibrium Wages: Minimum-Wage Laws, Unions, and Efficiency Wages Efficiency Wages The theory of efficiency wages holds
- 17. THE ECONOMICS OF DISCRIMINATION Discrimination occurs when the marketplace offers different opportunities to similar individuals who
- 18. THE ECONOMICS OF DISCRIMINATION Although discrimination is an emotionally charged topic, economists try to study the
- 19. Measuring Labor-Market Discrimination Discrimination is often measured by looking at the average wages of different groups.
- 20. Measuring Labor-Market Discrimination Even in a labor market free of discrimination, different people have different wages.
- 21. Measuring Labor-Market Discrimination People differ in the amount of human capital they have and in the
- 22. Measuring Labor-Market Discrimination Simply observing differences in wages among broad groups—white and black, men and women—says
- 23. Table 2 Median Annual Earnings by Race and Sex Copyright©2004 South-Western
- 24. Measuring Labor-Market Discrimination Because the differences in average wages among groups in part reflect differences in
- 25. Discrimination by Employers Firms that do not discriminate will have lower labor costs when they hire
- 26. Discrimination by Employers Nondiscriminatory firms will tend to replace firms that discriminate.
- 27. Discrimination by Employers Competitive markets tend to limit the impact of discrimination on wages. Firms that
- 28. Discrimination by Customers and Governments Although the profit motive is a strong force acting to eliminate
- 29. Discrimination by Customers and Governments Customer preferences: If customers have discriminatory preferences, a competitive market is
- 30. Discrimination by Customers and Governments Government policies: When the government mandates discriminatory practices or requires firms
- 31. Summary Workers earn different wages for many reasons. To some extent, wage differentials compensate workers for
- 32. Summary The return to accumulating human capital is high and has increased over the past decade.
- 33. Summary The unexplained variation in earnings is largely attributable to natural ability, effort, and chance. Some
- 34. Summary Wages are sometimes pushed above the equilibrium level because of minimum-wage laws, unions, and efficiency
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