INFECTION CONTROL IN ICU

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Patients in the ICU are at an increased
risk of developing nosocomial infection:
The severity of the patient’s illness and
underlying conditions
The length of exposure to invasive devices and
procedures
The increased contact with health-care
personnel
The length of the ICU stay
The special environmental characteristics of
the unit such as space limitations

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The most frequently encountered problems facing patients and HCWs in
the ICU:
Nosocomial pneumonia
Urinary tract infection
Intravascular related infections
Surgical site infection
Antibiotic resistance

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Host Characteristics
1. Alterations may be present in the host
Defenses
Genetic
Acquired
Secondary to underlying disease
2. Susceptibility to infection is influenced
by the severity of underlying illness

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Host characteristics (cont.)
3. ICU patients become more easily colonized with hospital flora :
Patients in the ICU are frequently colonized
with hospital flora, which are more likely to
be resistant to antibiotics
Patients may be exposed to increased numbers of microorganisms from the frequent use and long duration of invasive devices.

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Interventions
Support host defenses by use of appropriate
therapy, aseptic technique, and nursing care of
the immobilized patient
Treat underlying disease process
Adhere to aseptic techniques, especially hand
washing
Strictly adhere to recommended protocols for
invasive procedures
Use contact isolation precautions for patients
colonized or infected with antibiotic-resistant
micro-organisms

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Therapeutic Measures
1-Medical devices
Intravascular devices and lines
Respiratory support and devices
Urinary Catheters

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Intravascular devices and lines
Risk
multiple invasive lines
new portals of entry.
performed in a concentrated time period and/or under emergency conditions
lipid emulsions are excellent media for the growth of microorganisms.

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Recommendations for Placement of Intravascular Catheters Health-care worker education and
training
Aseptic technique during catheter
insertion and care

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Do proper hand Hygiene
Wearing Gloves Select insertion site with the lowest risk
Do not routinely use arterial or venous cut down procedures as a method to insert catheters
Disinfect clean skin with an appropriate antiseptic
Allow the antiseptic to remain on the insertion site and to air dry before catheter insertion.

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Use either sterile gauze or sterile, transparent, semi permeable dressing to cover the catheter site.
Record the operator, date, and time of catheter insertion
Monitor the catheter sites visually or by palpation

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Recommendations (cont.)
Selection and replacement of intravascular catheters:
Remove any intravascular catheter that is no longer essential
Replace peripheral venous catheters . every 72--96
hours in adults to prevent phlebitis
When adherence to aseptic technique cannot be ensured (i.e., during a medical emergency), replace all catheters as soon as possible and after no longer
than 24 hours Replace all CVCs if CRBSI is suspected.

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Recommendations (cont.)
Replacement of administration sets, and parenteral fluids
Replace administration sets no more frequently than at 72-hour intervals, unless catheter-related infection is suspected or documented
Replace tubing used to administer blood, blood products, or lipid emulsions within 24 hours of initiating the infusion
Complete the infusion of lipid-containing solutions within 24 hours , lipid emulsions within 12 hours, blood & blood products within 4 hours of hanging the blood

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Preparation and quality control of IV admixtures
Administer all parenteral fluids using aseptic technique.
Do not use any container of parenteral fluid that has visible turbidity, leaks, cracks, or particulate matter or if the manufacturer's expiration date has passed.
Use single-dose vials for parenteral additives or medications when possible.

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If multidose vials are used
Refrigerate multidose vials after they are opened if recommended by the manufacturer.
Cleanse the access diaphragm of multidose vials with 70% alcohol before inserting a device into the vial.
Use sterile syringe and needle every time to access a multidose vial and avoid touch contamination of the device before penetrating
the access diaphragm.

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Respiratory Support and Devices Risks
Mechanical ventilation bypasses the respiratory tract host defenses
Contaminated equipment or solutions provide a mechanism for transfer of microorganisms to a susceptible patient
Aerosolization of microorganisms may pose a risk to other patients and Personnel

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Interventions
Prevention of aspiration place patient in semi-recumbent position.
Preservation of gastric acidity use non alkalinizing gastric cyto protective agent on patients at risk for stress bleeding.
Nasal prongs or mask:
Change between patients.
If masks are reusable, wash thoroughly, dry and
wipe with 70% alcohol.

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4.Nasogastric-tube :
Routinely verify appropriate tube placement.
Place patient in semirecumbent position.
5.Endotracheal tubes:
They may be recycled after through cleaning and
autoclaving.
Disposable ones are available but are more expensive.
6.Humidifiers and Nebulizers :
Use only sterile water and fluids and dispense them aseptically.
If multi-dose medication vials are used, then handle, dispense and store correctly
Between treatment on the same patient, disinfect, rinse with sterile water and air dry medication nebulizers.

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7.Ventilator circuits:
Disposable tubes don not routinely need to be
changed for a single patient unless it becomes
contaminated or malfunctions.
Multiple-use tubes must be heat disinfected for at least 76oC for 30 min., or sterilized between patient.
A ventilated patient may use the same circuit for 4-5 days before reprocessing

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8.Endotracheal suction catheters:
Disposable suction catheters may be used for up to 24 hours on the same patient, provided that it is stored properly and does not become contaminated.
The water used for flushing the catheter after each suction must be sterile and changed every time.
9.Suction and drainage bottles:
Non disposable bottles must be changed every 24 hours (or sooner if full).
The contents are emptied down the toilet and it must be washed and sterilized.
The recyclable connector tubing should be cleaned thoroughly and sterilized.

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10.Ambu-bags:
They are extremely difficult to disinfect and become contaminated very quickly
Heat is the most reliable method of disinfection.
Glutaraldehyde can also be used but the bag must be rinsed thoroughly in sterile water.

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Protection of staff and patients by use of appropriate:
Isolation precautions
Personal protective equipment.

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Irrigation Solutions
Risks
Opened bottles of water or other solutions that may be used for irrigation or to fill reservoirs of respiratory therapy equipment remain at the bedside, these opened bottles may become contaminated and serve as a reservoir of microorganisms.
Interventions
Date all bottles of solutions; discard unused fluid at least every 24 hours.

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Guideline for Prevention of atheterassociated Urinary Tract Infections
Educate personnel in correct techniques
of catheter insertion and care.
Catheterize only when necessary.
Emphasize hand-washing and aseptic
technique
Secure catheter properly.
Maintain closed sterile drainage.
Obtain urine samples aseptically.
Maintain unobstructed urine flow.

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Wash hands.
Don clean gloves. Cleanse perineum with washcloth if needed.
Remove gloves and perform antiseptic hand
washing after perineal cleansing.
Don sterile gloves.
Drape the patient