Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Определительные придаточные предложения
Tennis is the sport [which requires rackets and balls].
James Bond was an agent [who never failed his missions].
Teachers are people [whose job is to make people out of little monkeys]. ☺
Ограничительные (Defining)
Распространительные (Non-Defining)
Tennis, [which I have personally never played], is the game with balls and rackets.
James Bond, [who was loved by so many women], could manage any task.
Teachers, [whose job is sometimes exhausting], are often quarrelsome.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
1) Дают ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНУЮ, ВТОРОСТЕПЕННУЮ информацию о лице, предмете, месте или времени, как правило, «вклиниваясь» в середину предложения наподобие вводной конструкции.
Распространительные определительные
предложения можно опустить без нарушения
смысла всего предложения
e.g. The 8th of March, when lots of women get flowers, is
such a tiring day for me. = The 8th of March is such
a tiring day for me.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
2) Всегда, в отличие от ограничительных определительных придаточных предложений, НА ПИСЬМЕ ВЫДЕЛЯЮТСЯ ЗАПЯТЫМИ.
e.g. My maths textbook, which I hate a lot, is
out-of-date already.
My best friend, who once told me he was a
genius, always asks me for copying out
homework.
London, where I used to spend a lot of time,
is growing rapidly nowadays.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
3) Начинаются, как и ограничительные определительные предложения, с местоимений who, which, where, when, однако местоимение that в них никогда не употребляется! Местоимения опускать нельзя!
e.g. My school teacher, who doesn’t know more
than his students, sometimes misses classes.
Football, which seems to be the most popular
game in the world, hardly ever changes.
Paris, where they say people used to fall in love,
is now a big heap of rubbish like Moscow.
The year of 2014, when, for instance, the
Olympics were held, will be the year of great
events.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
4) Очень часто практически невозможно провести различие между ограничительными и распространительными определительными придаточными предложениями, и тип придаточных определяется, скорее, на уровне интонации.
e.g. This is John who is the head of the department.
This is John, who used to be my classmate.
5) Распространительные определительные придаточные предложения более характерны для книжной, письменной речи

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
EXERCISE:
Mr. Putin, who … , has been the President of Russia since the beginning of the century.
Mr. Putin, who divorced his wife, has been the President
of Russia since the beginning of the century.
John Tolkien, who … , wrote “The Hobbit” and “The Lord
of the Rings”.
John Tolkien, who was not only a writer, but a philologist,
wrote “The Hobbit” and “The Lord of the Rings”.
Some footballers, who … , are hardly associated with
football.
Some footballers, who have popularized themselves in commercials,
are hardly associated with football.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
EXERCISE:
4) A lot of dynamic sports, which … , are not for the lazy.
A lot of dynamic sports, which need activity, are not for
lazy.
5) Apples, which … , grow on apple-trees.
Apples, which are full of different vitamins, grow on
apple-trees.
6) All deserts, which … , aren’t very rich in the variety of
plants and animals.
All deserts, which lack for precipitation, aren’t very rich
in the variety of plants and animals.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
EXERCISE:
Tropical forests, where … , are cut off as a result of
human activities.
Tropical forests, where lots of rare wild animals inhabit,
are cut off as a result of human activities.
8) Australia, where … , is one of the most comfortable states
to live in.
Australia, where there have never been any wars, is one
of the most comfortable states to live in.
Comprehensive schools, where …, rarely specialize in only some subjects.
Comprehensive schools, where students have too many
subjects, rarely specialize in only some subjects.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
EXERCISE:
10) Happy New Year in Russia, when … , is getting more
and more boring.
Happy New Year in Russia, when fireworks are made
outdoors, is getting more and more boring.
11) Summer holidays, when … , always make you feel
inspired.
Summer holidays, when pupils don’t have to study,
always make you feel inspired.
12) A few hours before midnight, when … , are the best for
sleeping from the scientific point of view.
A few hours before midnight, when you can’t make
yourself fall asleep, are the best for sleeping from the
scientific point of view.