Seminar 4

What were the difficulties of the transition to peaceful construction in the post-war years?
How was the liquidation of the “personality cult” of I. Stalin and the rehabilitation of the victims of political repression in 1950-80?
What is the essence of the extensive development of the Soviet economy?
What are the consequences of virgin lands in Kazakhstan?
How did interethnic relations develop in the 70s?
What were the achievements in science and culture of Kazakhstan in 1950-80?
Questions for discussion:

Historical fact: During the Great Patriotic War, 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, more than 30 thousand industrial enterprises, 100 thousand agricultural enterprises, thousands of railways, etc. were destroyed.

Historical fact: in March 1946, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Law on the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-1950 was adopted.

Historical fact: from 1945 to 1948, the army was reduced by 8.5 million people. To train qualified personnel, labor reserve schools were created.

Historical fact: During the years of the fourth five-year plan (1951-1955) 200 enterprises were built. For example, the Ust-Kamenogorsk lead-zinc plant, the concentration plant of the Zyryanovsk lead plant, the coal mine of the Ekibastuz basin, the Balkhash copper smelter, the Karaton, Munaily oil fields and others.
In 1960, Kazakhstan produced more than 10.5 times more electricity than in 1945.
Балхашский медеплавильный завод
Фабрика Зыряновского свинцового комбината

Historical fact: since 1949, the atomic test site began operating in Semipalatinsk. 113 nuclear explosions were made in the open atmosphere. Beginning in 1964, explosions were carried out underground. In total, 470 out of 715 nuclear explosions carried out in the USSR were made on it.

N. Khrushchev
First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
G. Malenkov
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
L. Beria
Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR

Historical reference. In February 1956, at the XX Congress of the party, N.S. Khrushchev made a report "On the personality cult of Stalin."

E. Bekmkhanov called Kenesary a national hero, not a monarchist. His scientific views were presented in the monograph "Kazakhstan in the 20-40s of the XIX century." (1947). In December 1952 he was sentenced to 25 years.

The growth of the Soviet socialist economy was due to external, not internal factors.
External factors include:
1, labor. The number of the working population and the working hours are increasing.
2, capital. The size of investments in production is increasing.
3, land. A striking example of extensive land use is the plowing of virgin lands in Kazakhstan.
Internal factors include the growth of labor productivity.

- The efficiency of cultivating the fields has dropped by 65% compared to the first years.
- Due to the plowing of pastures, the centuries-old unique nomadic economy was disturbed.
- The development of virgin lands required huge human resources.
- Large investment. In the first five years alone, twenty percent of all funds allocated to agriculture in the USSR (20 billion rubles) were invested.
- The USSR bought about 12 million tons of grain abroad in the mid-60s.
- As a result of wind and chemical erosion of soils, dust storms have become a real disaster. In 1956-1958 alone, more than 10 million hectares of fertile arable land were blown off the virgin fields by the wind.

Thus, virgin lands, as a type of extensive development, did not give positive results.
It must be said that virgin lands have exacerbated interethnic relations. It was at this time that the first interethnic conflicts took place in the republic. During the virgin lands, about 6 million immigrants arrived in Kazakhstan. Housing and other socio-cultural problems led to conflicts. The number of the indigenous population in the total population decreased to 29 percent.
Another conflict on an interethnic basis was the events of 1979, when an attempt was made to create German autonomy.

Kazakhstan's contribution to the development of industry
in the USSR
In the 50s, the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant became the main supplier of metal not only for Kazakhstan, but also for Siberia, the Urals and Central Asia.
In 1954-1958, 730 industrial enterprises and workshops were built and put into operation. All this allowed Kazakhstan in 1958 to take the third place in industrial output among the union republics.
In the mid-60s, a chemical industry appeared and began to develop in the republic.
The abundance of agricultural raw materials made it possible to increase the rate of development of the light and food industries, as well as transport and communications.

Environmental Crisis
Old technologies at factories and mines worsened the ecological situation in large industrial cities: Ust-Kamenogorsk, Pavlodar, Almaty, Karaganda, Zhambyl, Temirtau.
• 70% of nuclear weapons tests in the USSR were carried out at the Semipalatinsk test site. The climate changed, water bodies dried up, air and vegetation were polluted. In the Semipalatinsk region, as well as in the neighboring Karaganda, Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan regions, the number of patients with cancer and blood diseases has increased.
• The area of ​​the dried up territories of the Aral Sea region amounted to 30 thousand square km. The Aral Sea has lost its fishing significance. The settlements were emptied.

Suleimenov "AZ-i-IA"
Nurpeissov "Blood and Sweat”
Yesenberlin “Nomads”

The 50s-70s of our century became the time for the further development of Kazakh musical art. During this period, the Academic Opera and Ballet Theater named after Abai, Academic Orchestra of Folk Instruments named after Kurmangazy, pop ensembles "Gulder", "Dos-Mukasan", etc.
Kazakh singers, People's Artists of the USSR B. Tulegenova, R. Baglanova, E. Serkebaev, A. Dnishev, R. Rymbaeva and others have become world famous.
In the 60s and 70s. the ballet art receives a new impetus, which was associated with the work of the talented ballet master B. Ayukhanov.
In 1955-79. more than 70 films were shot, including "Our dear doctor" (Sh. Aimanov, 1957), "Shot at the Pass" (B. Shamshiev, 1968), "Kyz Zhibek" (S. Khodzhikov, 1970), "The End of the Ataman" (Sh. Aimanov, 1970) and others. Much work was done to duplicate films shot at film studios in other republics of the USSR.
Sh. Aymanov
B. Tulegenova
E. Serkebaev
B. Ayukhanov
A. Dnishev
R. Rymbaeva