Содержание
- 2. 33 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- 3. Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. In most years production of goods
- 4. Short-Run Economic Fluctuations A recession is a period of declining real incomes, and rising unemployment. A
- 5. THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable. Fluctuations in the economy
- 6. Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Billions of 1996 Dollars Real GDP (a) Real
- 7. THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together. Most macroeconomic variables that measure
- 8. Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Billions of 1996 Dollars (b) Investment Spending $1,800
- 9. THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS As output falls, unemployment rises. Changes in real GDP are
- 10. Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Percent of Labor Force (c) Unemployment Rate 0
- 11. EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run Most economists believe
- 12. The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations Two variables are used to develop a model to analyze
- 13. The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Economist
- 14. The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply The
- 15. The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations The Basic Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply The
- 16. Figure 2 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Copyright © 2004
- 17. THE AGGREGATE-DEMAND CURVE The four components of GDP (Y) contribute to the aggregate demand for goods
- 18. Figure 3 The Aggregate-Demand Curve... Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Copyright © 2004 South-Western
- 19. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect The
- 20. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Consumption: The Wealth Effect A
- 21. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Investment: The Interest Rate Effect
- 22. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping The Price Level and Net Exports: The Exchange-Rate Effect
- 23. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift The downward slope of the aggregate demand curve shows that
- 24. Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift Shifts arising from Consumption Investment Government Purchases Net Exports
- 25. Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve 0 P1 Y1
- 26. THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE In the long run, the aggregate-supply curve is vertical. In the short run,
- 27. THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE The Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve In the long run, an economy’s production of goods
- 28. Figure 4 The Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Price Level 0
- 29. THE AGGREGATE-SUPPLY CURVE The Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve The long-run aggregate-supply curve is vertical at the natural
- 30. Why the Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift Any change in the economy that alters the natural
- 31. Why the Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift Shifts arising Labor Capital Natural Resources Technological Knowledge
- 32. Figure 5 Long-Run Growth and Inflation Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Copyright © 2004 South-Western
- 33. A New Way to Depict Long-Run Growth and Inflation Short-run fluctuations in output and price level
- 34. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run In the short run, an increase
- 35. Figure 6 The Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Copyright © 2004 South-Western
- 36. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run The Misperceptions Theory The Sticky-Wage Theory
- 37. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run The Misperceptions Theory Changes in the
- 38. Why the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run The Sticky-Wage Theory Nominal wages are
- 39. The Sticky-Price Theory Prices of some goods and services adjust sluggishly in response to changing economic
- 40. Why the Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift Shifts arising Labor Capital Natural Resources. Technology. Expected Price
- 41. Why the Aggregate Supply Curve Might Shift An increase in the expected price level reduces the
- 42. Figure 7 The Long-Run Equilibrium Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Copyright © 2004 South-Western
- 43. Figure 8 A Contraction in Aggregate Demand Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Long-run aggregate supply
- 44. TWO CAUSES OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Shifts in Aggregate Demand In the short run, shifts in aggregate
- 45. TWO CAUSES OF ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply A decrease in one of
- 46. Figure 10 An Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply Quantity of Output Price Level 0 Long-run aggregate
- 47. The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply Stagflation Adverse shifts in aggregate supply cause stagflation—a
- 48. The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply Policy Responses to Recession Policymakers may respond to
- 49. Figure 11 Accommodating an Adverse Shift in Aggregate Supply Quantity of Output Natural rate of output
- 50. Summary All societies experience short-run economic fluctuations around long-run trends. These fluctuations are irregular and largely
- 51. Summary Economists analyze short-run economic fluctuations using the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model. According to
- 52. Summary The aggregate-demand curve slopes downward for three reasons: a wealth effect, an interest rate effect,
- 53. Summary In the long run, the aggregate supply curve is vertical. The short-run, the aggregate supply
- 54. Summary Events that alter the economy’s ability to produce output will shift the short-run aggregate-supply curve.
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