Содержание
- 2. Learning Objectives What Is Social Stratification? • Differentiate between open and closed stratification systems • Distinguish
- 3. What Is Social Stratification? *** What determines a person’s social standing (положение в обществе)? And how
- 4. What Is Social Stratification? Geology: stratification” - the distinct vertical layers in rock Society’s layers (слои
- 5. “Everyone has an equal (равные) chance at success” – true to a certain extent (до некоторой
- 6. In most societies, stratification is an economic system, based on wealth (богатство) and income (доход) Other
- 7. 2 types: Closed systems - allow (позволяют) little change (незначительные изменения) in social position. Open systems
- 8. Caste systems - closed stratification systems A caste system: people are born into their social standing
- 9. A class system – open stratification system, based on both social factors and individual achievement. A
- 10. The Commoner Who Could Be Queen On April 29, 2011, in London, England, Prince William, Duke
- 11. Social Stratification and Mobility Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based on similar social
- 12. Standard of living is based on factors such as income (доход), employment (труд. занятость), class, poverty
- 13. Social Stratification and Mobility 3 levels of class: upper (высокий) middle (средний) lower (низкий) class Classification
- 14. Upper class Money provides not just access to material goods, but also access to power. Corporate
- 15. Upper, Middle, and Lower Classes The lower class/the working class (рабочий класс): the working class the
- 16. Social mobility - the ability to change positions within a social stratification system. Upward (восходящая) mobility
- 17. Global Stratification and Inequality Global stratification compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries
- 18. Models of Global Stratification Various models of global stratification all have one thing in common: they
- 20. Скачать презентацию
Слайд 2Learning Objectives
What Is Social Stratification?
• Differentiate between open and closed stratification systems
•
Learning Objectives
What Is Social Stratification?
• Differentiate between open and closed stratification systems
•
Social Stratification and Mobility
• Understand class structure
• Describe types of social mobility
• Recognize characteristics that define and identify class
Global Stratification and Inequality
• Define global stratification
• Describe different sociological models for understanding global stratification
• Understand how studies of global stratification identify worldwide inequalities
Слайд 3What Is Social Stratification?
***
What determines a person’s social standing (положение в обществе)?
What Is Social Stratification?
***
What determines a person’s social standing (положение в обществе)?
Social stratification - society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers (уровни) based on wealth, income (доход), race, education, and power.
Слайд 4What Is Social Stratification?
Geology: stratification” - the distinct vertical layers in rock
Society’s
What Is Social Stratification?
Geology: stratification” - the distinct vertical layers in rock
Society’s
The people with more resources - top layer of the social structure of stratification. People, with fewer (меньше) resources - the lower layers of our society.
Слайд 5“Everyone has an equal (равные) chance at success” – true to a
“Everyone has an equal (равные) chance at success” – true to a
Sociologists : social stratification is a system that makes inequalities apparent (очевидными).
inequalities between individuals but: sociologists are interested in larger social patterns ? stratification is not about individual inequalities, but about inequalities based on group membership (принадлежность к какой-л. группе), classes, and the like (и т.п.)
Although individuals may support or fight inequalities, social stratification is created and supported by society as a whole (в целости).
What Is Social Stratification?
Слайд 6In most societies, stratification is an economic system, based on wealth (богатство)
In most societies, stratification is an economic system, based on wealth (богатство)
Other factors: for example, in some cultures, the elderly (пожилые люди) are esteemed; (высоко ценятся) in others, the elderly are overlooked (не придавать значения) ? cultural beliefs often reinforce (усиливают) the inequalities of stratification.
Key determinant (определяющий фактор) of social standing - the social standing of one’s parents.
Parents pass (передают) their social position on to their children. + People inherit (наследовать) not only social standing but also the cultural norms that accompany (сопровождают) a certain lifestyle. They share these with a network of friends and family members. Social standing becomes a comfort zone (зона комфорта), a lifestyle, and an identity (личность).
Factors Defining Social Stratification
Слайд 72 types:
Closed systems - allow (позволяют) little change (незначительные изменения) in social
2 types:
Closed systems - allow (позволяют) little change (незначительные изменения) in social
Open systems - allow movement (передвижение) and interaction (взаимодействие) between layers and classes.
Systems of Social Stratification
Different systems reflect, emphasize (подчеркивают), and foster (усиливают) certain cultural values, and shape individual beliefs. Stratification systems include class systems and caste systems, as well as meritocracy.
Слайд 8Caste systems - closed stratification systems
A caste system: people are born into
Caste systems - closed stratification systems
A caste system: people are born into
Hindu caste tradition: work in the occupation of their caste, marry a person from their caste. Cultural values reinforced the system. Caste systems promote beliefs in fate (рок), destiny (судьба), and the will of a higher power (воля высшей силы),
The caste system in India has been officially dismantled (отменена), but in rural areas, aspects of the tradition are more likely to remain, while urban centers show less evidence of this past.
Caste System
Слайд 9A class system – open stratification system, based on both social factors
A class system – open stratification system, based on both social factors
People are free to gain a different level of education or employment than their parents. They can also socialize with and marry members of other classes, allowing people to move from one class to another.
Occupation is not fixed at birth. Though family and other societal models help guide a person toward a career, personal choice plays a role.
In class systems, people have the option to form exogamous marriages, unions of spouses from different social categories.
Class System
Слайд 10The Commoner Who Could Be Queen
On April 29, 2011, in London, England,
The Commoner Who Could Be Queen
On April 29, 2011, in London, England,
Britain’s monarchy arose during the Middle Ages. Its social hierarchy placed royalty at the top and commoners on the bottom. This was a closed system, with people born into positions of nobility (знатность).
The Industrial Revolution changed Britain’s social structure. Commoners moved to cities, got jobs, and made better livings. People found new opportunities to increase their wealth and power.
Today, the government is a constitutional monarchy with the prime minister and other ministers elected to their positions, and with the royal family’s role being ceremonial. The long-ago differences between nobility and commoners have blurred (размылись).
Слайд 11Social Stratification and Mobility
Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based
Social Stratification and Mobility
Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based
Social stratification ? unequal distribution of resources ? more money =more power or more opportunities.
Stratification can also result from physical and intellectual traits. Categories that affect social standing include family ancestry, race, ethnicity, age, and gender.
Слайд 12Standard of living is based on factors such as income (доход), employment
Standard of living is based on factors such as income (доход), employment
Standard of living ~to quality of life ? it can represent factors such as the ability to afford (возможность позволить себе купить) a home, own a car, and take vacations (выезжать куда-н. на отдых).
Social Stratification and Mobility
Social stratifications and standards of living are in part based on occupation. Aside from the obvious impact that income has on someone’s standard of living, occupations also influence social standing through the relative levels of prestige they afford.
Employment in medicine, law, or IT confers (давать) high status. Teachers and police officers are not considered particularly prestigious. On the other end of the scale, some of the lowest rankings apply to positions like waitress, janitor (дворник), and bus driver.
Слайд 13Social Stratification and Mobility
3 levels of class:
upper (высокий)
middle (средний)
lower (низкий) class
Classification
Social Stratification and Mobility
3 levels of class:
upper (высокий)
middle (средний)
lower (низкий) class
Classification
The upper class not only have power and control over their own lives, their social status gives them power and control over others’ lives as well.
The middle class don’t generally control other strata of society, but they have control over their own lives.
The lower class has little control over their work or lives.
Within each class, there are many subcategories.
Слайд 14Upper class
Money provides not just access to material goods, but also access
Upper class
Money provides not just access to material goods, but also access
Middle class
Many people call themselves middle class, but there are differing ideas about what that means. People with annual incomes of $20,000 call themselves middle class, as do people who annually earn $10,000 ? the middle class is broken into upper and lower subcategories.
Upper-middle-class: bachelor’s and postgraduate degrees. They’ve studied subjects such as business, management, law, or medicine. Lower-middle-class: bachelor’s degrees or associate’s degrees from two-year technical colleges.
Middle class people can afford mainstream lifestyle, but they struggle to maintain it. They generally don’t have enough income to build savings (накопления).
Upper, Middle, and Lower Classes
Слайд 15Upper, Middle, and Lower Classes
The lower class/the working class (рабочий класс):
the working
Upper, Middle, and Lower Classes
The lower class/the working class (рабочий класс):
the working
the working poor
the underclass
Compared to the lower middle class, lower-class people have less of an educational background and earn smaller incomes. They work jobs that require little prior skill or experience, often doing routine tasks under close supervision.
Working-class people: jobs in fields like food service: cooking, cleaning, or building.
The working poor: also unskilled, lowpaying employment. However, their jobs rarely offer benefits such as healthcare or retirement planning, and their positions are often seasonal or temporary: migrant farm workers, housecleaners, and day laborers (временный рабочий).
Underclass: many are unemployed (безработный) or underemployed (занятый неполный раб. день/месяц). Some are homeless.
Слайд 16Social mobility - the ability to change positions within a social stratification
Social mobility - the ability to change positions within a social stratification
Upward (восходящая) mobility refers to an increase (рост) social class. There are many stories of people rising from modest beginnings to fame and fortune. But the truth is that relative to the overall population, the number of people who launch from poverty to wealth is very small. Still, upward mobility is not only about becoming rich and famous. People who earn a college
degree, get a job promotion, or marry someone with a good income may move up socially.
Downward (нисходящая) mobility indicates a lowering of one’s social class. Some people move downward because of business setbacks, unemployment, or illness. Dropping out of school, losing a job, or becoming divorced may result in a loss of income or status ? downward mobility.
Scholars (ученые): mobility is not as easy to achieve (достигнуть) as many people think. In fact, some consider social mobility a myth (миф).
Social Mobility
Слайд 17Global Stratification and Inequality
Global stratification compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and
Global Stratification and Inequality
Global stratification compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and
Sociologists studying global stratification analyze economic comparisons between nations. Income, purchasing power, and wealth are used to calculate (высчитать) global stratification. Global stratification also compares the quality (качество) of life that a country’s population can have.
Слайд 18Models of Global Stratification
Various models of global stratification all have one thing
Models of Global Stratification
Various models of global stratification all have one thing
Traditional models, now considered
outdated, used labels to describe the stratification of the different areas of the world. Simply put: “first world, “second world,” and “third world.” First and second world described industrialized nations, while third world referred to “undeveloped” countries.
When researching existing historical sources, you may still encounter these terms, and even today people still refer to some nations as the “third world.”
Another model separates countries into two groups: more developed and less developed. More developed nations have higher wealth, such as Canada, Japan, and Australia. Less developed nations have less wealth to distribute among higher populations, including many countries in central Africa, South America, and some island nations.