Unitary state

Features of unitary state
● Centralization of Powers.
● Single and Simple Government.
● Uniformity of Laws.
● No Distribution of Powers.
● Flexible Constitutions.
● Potential for Despotism.
● Responsibility.

Type of unitary state
● Afghanistan.
● Albania.
● Algeria.
● Angola.
● Armenia.
● Azerbaijan.
● Bangladesh.
● Belarus.

Example of state
One central government controls weaker states. Power is not
shared between states, counties, or provinces.
Examples: China, United Kingdom (although Scotland has been
granted self-rule).
include France and Sri Lanka. A Federal State. By federalism,I
mean the broad class of political arrangements within a single
political unit between a unitary system.
In such countries, sub-national regions cannot decide their own
laws. Examples are Romania, Ireland and Norway.

Federation state
In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well
as the division of power between them and the central government, is
typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral
decision of either party, the states or the federal political body.
It is often argued that federal states where the central government has
overriding powers are not truly federal states. For example, such
overriding powers may include: the constitutional authority to suspend a
constituent state's government by invoking gross mismanagement or civil
unrest, or to adopt national legislation that overrides or infringes on the
constituent states' powers by invoking the central government's
constitutional authority to ensure "peace and good government" or to
implement obligations contracted under an international treaty

Features of federation
1. Division of Powers:
Division of powers between the central government on the one hand and the state/unit
governments on the other is an absolutely essential condition of a federation. In it one part
of the authority and power of the state is vested with the central government and the rest is
vested with the state governments. Each works within a definite and defined sphere of
functions.
2. Written Constitution:
Since in a federal constitution there is to be affected a division of powers, it becomes
essential to effect it in writing in order to make it definite and binding upon both the centre
and the states. As such a written constitution is a must for a federation.
3. Rigid Constitution:
A federal constitution has also to be a rigid constitution because it is to be kept immune
from unilateral amendment efforts on part of The Centre Government or states. Only the
central government and the state governments together can have the power to amend the
constitution.

4. Supremacy of the Constitution:
In a federation the constitution is the supreme law of land. Both the central
government and the state governments derive their powers from the constitution.
5. Special Role of the Judiciary:
For protecting the supremacy of the constitution. Such a judiciary also essential for
performing the role of an arbiter of disputes between the centre and states or
among the state governments in respect of their areas of action and power.
6. Dual Administration:
A federation is characterised by dual administration— one, uniform administration
of the central government for all the people of the federation and the other state
administrations which are run by the governments of federating units and which
differ from state to state or region to region.
7. Dual Citizenship:
In an ideal federation, each individual gets a double citizenship—one common
uniform citizenship of the whole state (Federation) and the second of the province
or state of which he is the resident.

8. Bicameral Legislature:
In a federation, the legislature of the federal government is made a bicameral
legislature. In one house the people of the federation are given representation
while in the other house the units of the federation are given representation on the
basis of equality.
9. Equality of all Federating States:
One of the key underlying principle of the federation is to treat all states/units of
the federation equal, without any consideration for the differences in their size,
population and resources. It is because of this requirement that all states are given
equal seats in one of the two houses of the central legislature and each enjoys
equal rights and autonomy.

Example of federation
United States,
● India
● Brazil
● Malaysia
● Russia
● Germany
● Canada
● Switzerland
● Bosnia
● Herzegovina
● Belgium
● Argentina
● Nigeria

Confederation
is a union of sovereign groups or states united for purposes of common
action.[1] Usually created by a treaty, confederations of states tend to be
established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign relations,
internal trade or currency, with the general government being required to
provide support for all its members.
Since the member states of a confederation retain their sovereignty, they have
an implicit right of secession.
Under a confederation, unlike a federal state, the central authority is relatively
weak.[3] Decisions made by the general government in a unicameral
legislature, a council of the member states, require subsequent
implementation by the member states to take effect; they are not laws acting
directly upon the individual but have more the character of interstate
agreements.

Features of confederation
● No Authority to Legislate for Individuals.
● No Independent Revenue Sources.
● Sovereignty Retained by the Member States.
● Member-State Citizenship.
● Written Document.
● Expressly Delegated Powers

Type of confederation
● The United States under the Articles of Confederation
1781–1789
● Western Confederacy 1785–1795
● Confederation of the Rhine 1806–1813
● German Confederation 1815–1866
● southern confederacy 1862
● confederation European union